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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 30, 27697-27704, July 29, 2005

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Cooperation between Small Nuclear RNA-activating Protein Complex (SNAP_C) and TATA-box-binding Protein Antagonizes Protein Kinase CK2 Inhibition of DNA Binding by SNAP_C^*

Liping Gu, Walter J. Esselman, and R. William Henry¶

From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824

Protein kinase CK2 regulates RNA polymerase III transcription of human U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes both negatively and positively depending upon whether the general transcription machinery or RNA polymerase III is preferentially phosphorylated. Human U1 snRNA genes share similar promoter architectures as that of U6 genes but are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Herein, we report that CK2 inhibits U1 snRNA gene transcription by RNA polymerase II. Decreased levels of endogenous CK2 correlates with increased U1 expression, whereas CK2 associates with U1 gene promoters, indicating that it plays a direct role in U1 gene regulation. CK2 phosphorylates the general transcription factor small nuclear RNA-activating protein complex (SNAP_C) that is required for both RNA polymerase II and III transcription, and SNAP_C phosphorylation inhibits binding to snRNA gene promoters. However, restricted promoter access by phosphorylated SNAP_C can be overcome by cooperative interactions with TATA-box-binding protein at a U6 promoter but not at a U1 promoter. Thus, CK2 may have the capacity to differentially regulate U1 and U6 transcription even though SNAP_C is universally utilized for human snRNA gene transcription.

Received for publication, March 23, 2005 , and in revised form, June 8, 2005.

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM59805 (to R. W. H.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Tel.: 517-353-3980; Fax: 517-353-9334; E-mail: henryrw{at}msu.edu.

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