HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 4, 2397-2400, January 28, 2005

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 280/4/2397    most recent R400032200v1 Submit a Letter to Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Benning, C. Articles by Ohta, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Benning, C. Articles by Ohta, H. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?

Minireview

Three Enzyme Systems for Galactoglycerolipid Biosynthesis Are Coordinately Regulated in Plants^*

Christoph Benning and Hiroyuki Ohta¶

From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319 and the ^¶Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan

Galactoglycerolipids, in which galactose is bound at the glycerol sn-3 position in O-glycosidic linkage to diacylglycerol, are abundant in plants and photosynthetic bacteria, where they constitute the bulk of the polar lipids of the photosynthetic membranes. Galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis in plants is highly compartmentalized involving enzymes at the endoplasmic reticulum and the two chloroplast envelopes. This peculiar organization requires extensive trafficking of lipid precursors. It is now increasingly apparent that there are three different sets of lipid galactosyltransferases capable of galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis in the model plant Arabidopsis. Two enzymes, MGD1 and DGD1, provide the bulk of galactoglycerolipids in the chloroplast and in photosynthetic tissues in general. Under phosphate-limited growth conditions and in non-photosynthetic tissues MGD2/3 and DGD2 are highly active. Moreover, galactoglycerolipids produced by this second pathway are often found in extraplastidic membranes. Although these galactosyltransferases use UDP-Gal as the galactose donor, a third pathway involves a processive enzyme, which transfers galactose from one galactolipid to another.

^* This minireview will be reprinted in the 2005 Minireview Compendium, which will be available in January, 2006. Work in the laboratory of C. B. is funded by grants from the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Agriculture, and BASF Plant Science. Work in the laboratory of H. O. is funded by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas 15380049 from the Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Culture in Japan.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 517-355-1609; Fax: 517-353-9334; E-mail: benning{at}msu.edu.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Y. Okazaki, M. Shimojima, Y. Sawada, K. Toyooka, T. Narisawa, K. Mochida, H. Tanaka, F. Matsuda, A. Hirai, M. Y. Hirai, et al. A Chloroplastic UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Arabidopsis Is the Committed Enzyme for the First Step of Sulfolipid Biosynthesis PLANT CELL, March 1, 2009; 21(3): 892 - 909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Aronsson, M. A. Schottler, A. A. Kelly, C. Sundqvist, P. Dormann, S. Karim, and P. Jarvis Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Deficiency in Arabidopsis Affects Pigment Composition in the Prolamellar Body and Impairs Thylakoid Membrane Energization and Photoprotection in Leaves Plant Physiology, September 1, 2008; 148(1): 580 - 592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Xu, J. Fan, A. J. Cornish, and C. Benning Lipid Trafficking between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Plastid in Arabidopsis Requires the Extraplastidic TGD4 Protein PLANT CELL, August 1, 2008; 20(8): 2190 - 2204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Botte, N. Saidani, R. Mondragon, M. Mondragon, G. Isaac, E. Mui, R. McLeod, J.-F. Dubremetz, H. Vial, R. Welti, et al. Subcellular localization and dynamics of a digalactolipid-like epitope in Toxoplasma gondii J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 746 - 762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Lu, C. Xu, K. Awai, A. D. Jones, and C. Benning A Small ATPase Protein of Arabidopsis, TGD3, Involved in Chloroplast Lipid Import J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2007; 282(49): 35945 - 35953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Sakurai, N. Mizusawa, H. Wada, and N. Sato Digalactosyldiacylglycerol Is Required for Stabilization of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex in Photosystem II Plant Physiology, December 1, 2007; 145(4): 1361 - 1370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ma, Q. Gong, and H. J. Bohnert An Arabidopsis gene network based on the graphical Gaussian model Genome Res., November 1, 2007; 17(11): 1614 - 1625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kobayashi, M. Kondo, H. Fukuda, M. Nishimura, and H. Ohta Galactolipid synthesis in chloroplast inner envelope is essential for proper thylakoid biogenesis, photosynthesis, and embryogenesis PNAS, October 23, 2007; 104(43): 17216 - 17221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Fritz, H. Lokstein, D. Hackenberg, R. Welti, M. Roth, U. Zahringer, M. Fulda, W. Hellmeyer, C. Ott, F. P. Wolter, et al. Channeling of Eukaryotic Diacylglycerol into the Biosynthesis of Plastidial Phosphatidylglycerol J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2007; 282(7): 4613 - 4625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Li, R. Welti, and X. Wang Quantitative Profiling of Arabidopsis Polar Glycerolipids in Response to Phosphorus Starvation. Roles of Phospholipases D{zeta}1 and D{zeta}2 in Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis and Digalactosyldiacylglycerol Accumulation in Phosphorus-Starved Plants Plant Physiology, October 1, 2006; 142(2): 750 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Awai, C. Xu, B. Tamot, and C. Benning From the Cover: A phosphatidic acid-binding protein of the chloroplast inner envelope membrane involved in lipid trafficking PNAS, July 11, 2006; 103(28): 10817 - 10822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cruz-Ramirez, A. Oropeza-Aburto, F. Razo-Hernandez, E. Ramirez-Chavez, and L. Herrera-Estrella Phospholipase DZ2 plays an important role in extraplastidic galactolipid biosynthesis and phosphate recycling in Arabidopsis roots PNAS, April 25, 2006; 103(17): 6765 - 6770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Xu, J. Fan, J. E. Froehlich, K. Awai, and C. Benning Mutation of the TGD1 Chloroplast Envelope Protein Affects Phosphatidate Metabolism in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, November 1, 2005; 17(11): 3094 - 3110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Botte, C. Jeanneau, L. Snajdrova, O. Bastien, A. Imberty, C. Breton, and E. Marechal Molecular Modeling and Site-directed Mutagenesis of Plant Chloroplast Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Synthase Reveal Critical Residues for Activity J. Biol. Chem., October 14, 2005; 280(41): 34691 - 34701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Misson, K. G. Raghothama, A. Jain, J. Jouhet, M. A. Block, R. Bligny, P. Ortet, A. Creff, S. Somerville, N. Rolland, et al. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis using Arabidopsis thaliana Affymetrix gene chips determined plant responses to phosphate deprivation PNAS, August 16, 2005; 102(33): 11934 - 11939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]