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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 45, 37481-37488, November 11, 2005

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Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Inhibits Mitochondrial Electron Transport and Increases Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production^*

Masaaki Korenaga¶, Ting Wang, Yanchun Li, Lori A. Showalter, Tehsheng Chan||, Jiaren Sun||, and Steven A. Weinman**1

From the Center for Hepatitis Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, ^||Microbiology and Immunology, and ^**Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, and the ^¶Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan

Hepatitis C infection causes a state of chronic oxidative stress, which may contribute to fibrosis and carcinogenesis in the liver. Previous studies have shown that expression of the HCV core protein in hepatoma cells depolarized mitochondria and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but the mechanisms of these effects are unknown. In this study we examined the properties of liver mitochondria from transgenic mice expressing HCV core protein, and from normal liver mitochondria incubated with recombinant core protein. Liver mitochondria from transgenic mice expressing the HCV proteins core, E1 and E2 demonstrated oxidation of the glutathione pool and a decrease in NADPH content. In addition, there was reduced activity of electron transport complex I, and increased ROS production from complex I substrates. There were no abnormalities observed in complex II or complex III function. Incubation of control mitochondria in vitro with recombinant core protein also caused glutathione oxidation, selective complex I inhibition, and increased ROS production. Proteinase K digestion of either transgenic mitochondria or control mitochondria incubated with core protein showed that core protein associates strongly with mitochondria, remains associated with the outer membrane, and is not taken up across the outer membrane. Core protein also increased Ca²⁺ uptake into isolated mitochondria. These results suggest that interaction of core protein with mitochondria and subsequent oxidation of the glutathione pool and complex I inhibition may be an important cause of the oxidative stress seen in chronic hepatitis C.

Received for publication, June 13, 2005 , and in revised form, August 19, 2005.

^* This work was supported by Grant AA12863 from the NIAAA, National Institutes of Health. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0641. Tel.: 409-772-4286; Fax: 409-772-5420; E-mail: sweinman{at}utmb.edu.

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