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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 52, 43150-43158, December 30, 2005
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DJ-1 Up-regulates Glutathione Synthesis during Oxidative Stress and Inhibits A53T 
-Synuclein Toxicity*
From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
DJ-1 is the third gene that has been linked to Parkinson disease. Mutations in the DJ-1 gene cause early onset PD with autosomal recessive inheritance. To clarify the mechanism of DJ-1 protection, we have overexpressed the gene in cultured dopaminergic cells that were then subjected to chemical stress. In the rat dopaminergic cell line, N27, and in primary dopamine neurons, overexpression of wild type DJ-1 protected cells from death induced by hydrogen peroxide and 6-hydroxydopamine. Overexpressing the L166P mutant DJ-1 had no protective effect. By contrast, knocking down endogenous DJ-1 with antisense DJ-1 rendered cells more susceptible to oxidative damage. We have found that DJ-1 improves survival by increasing cellular glutathione levels through an increase in the rate-limiting enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase. Blocking glutathione synthesis eliminated the beneficial effect of DJ-1. Protection could be restored by adding exogenous glutathione. Wild type DJ-1 reduced cellular reactive oxygen species and reduced the levels of protein oxidation caused by oxidative stress. By a separate mechanism, overexpressing wild type DJ-1 inhibited the protein aggregation and cytotoxicity usually caused by A53T human 
-synuclein. Under these circumstances, DJ-1 increased the level of heat shock protein 70 but did not change the glutathione level. Our data indicate that DJ-1 protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress through up-regulation of glutathione synthesis and from the toxic consequences of mutant human-synuclein through increased expression of heat shock protein 70. We conclude that DJ-1 has multiple specific mechanisms for protecting dopamine neurons from cell death.
Received for publication, June 30, 2005 , and in revised form, October 6, 2005.
* This work was supported by the American Parkinson Disease Association and the Mitchell Family Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262. Tel.: 303-315-8455; Fax: 303-315-3272; E-mail: Curt.Freed{at}UCHSC.edu.
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