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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 7, 5781-5788, February 18, 2005

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Nitric Oxide Inhibition of Homocysteine-induced Human Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Down-regulation of p53-dependent Noxa Expression through the Formation of S-Nitrosohomocysteine^*

Seon-Jin Lee, Ki-Mo Kim, Seung Namkoong, Chun-Ki Kim, Yun-Chul Kang, Hansoo Lee, Kwon-Soo Ha¶, Jeong-A Han, Hun-Taeg Chung¶, Young-Guen Kwon||, and Young-Myeong Kim**

From the Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do 200-701, Korea, the ^¶Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, Korea, and the ^||Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea

Hyperhomocysteinemia is believed to induce endothelial dysfunction and promote atherosclerosis; however, the pathogenic mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism by which homocysteine (HCy) causes endothelial cell apoptosis and by which nitric oxide (NO) affects HCy-induced apoptosis. Our data demonstrated that HCy caused caspase-dependent apoptosis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as determined by cell viability, nuclear condensation, and caspase-3 activation and activity. These apoptotic characteristics were correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, p53 and Noxa expression, and mitochondrial cytochrome c release following HCy treatment. HCy also induced p53 and Noxa expression and apoptosis in endothelial cells from wild type mice but not in the p53-deficient cells. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, adenoviral transfer of inducible NO synthase gene, and antioxidants (-tocopherol and superoxide dismutase plus catalase) but not oxidized SNAP, 8-Br-cGMP, nitrite, and nitrate, suppressed ROS production, p53-dependent Noxa expression, and apoptosis induced by HCy. The cytotoxic effect of HCy was decreased by small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of Noxa expression, indicating that Noxa up-regulation plays an important role in HCy-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Overexpression of inducible NO synthase increased the formation of S-nitroso-HCy, which was inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine. Moreover, S-nitroso-HCy did not increase ROS generation, p53-dependent Noxa expression, and apoptosis. These results suggest that up-regulation of p53-dependent Noxa expression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis induced by HCy and that an increase in vascular NO production may prevent HCy-induced endothelial dysfunction by S-nitrosylation.

Received for publication, September 30, 2004 , and in revised form, November 18, 2004.

^* This work was supported by a Vascular System Research Center grant from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chunchon, Kangwon-do 200-701, Korea. Tel.: 82-33-250-8831; E-mail: ymkim{at}kangwon.ac.kr.

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