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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 7, 5875-5883, February 18, 2005

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Reversible Oxidation of ERK-directed Protein Phosphatases Drives Oxidative Toxicity in Neurons^*

David J. Levinthal and Donald B. DeFranco¶

From the Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261

Oxidative stress links diverse neuropathological conditions that include stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease and has been modeled in vitro with various paradigms that lead to neuronal cell death following the increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species. For example, immortalized neurons and immature primary cortical neurons undergo cell death in response to depletion of the antioxidant glutathione, which can be elicited by administration of glutamate at high concentrations. We have demonstrated previously that this glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity requires activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase member ERK1/2, but the mechanisms by which this activation takes place in oxidatively stressed neurons are still not fully known. In this study, we demonstrate that during oxidative stress, ERK-directed phosphatases of both the serine/threonine- and tyrosine-directed classes are selectively and reversibly inhibited via a mechanism that is dependent upon the oxidation of cysteine thiols. Furthermore, the impact of ERK-directed phosphatases on ERK1/2 activation and oxidative toxicity in neurons was tested in a neuronal cell line and in primary cortical cultures. Overexpression of the highly ERK-specific phosphatase MKP3 and its catalytic mutant, MKP3 C293S, were neuroprotective in transiently transfected HT22 cells and primary neurons. The neuroprotective effect of the MKP3 C293S mutant, which enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation but blocks its nuclear translocation, demonstrates the necessity for active ERK1/2 nuclear localization for oxidative toxicity in neurons. Together, these data implicate the inhibition of endogenous ERK-directed phosphatases as a mechanism that leads to aberrant ERK1/2 activation and nuclear accumulation during oxidative toxicity in neurons.

Received for publication, September 20, 2004 , and in revised form, November 18, 2004.

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants F30 NS43824 (to D. J. L.) and R01 NS38319 (to D. B. D.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1352 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Tel.: 412-624-4259; Fax: 412-648-1945; E-mail: dod1{at}pitt.edu.

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