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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 9, 7427-7434, March 4, 2005

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Regulation of Complement C3 Expression by the Bile Acid Receptor FXR^*

Jiali Li, Parinaz C. Pircher, Ira G. Schulman, and Stefan K. Westin

From the Department of Biology, X-Ceptor Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, California 92121

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) is an intracellular bile acid-sensing transcription factor that plays a critical role in the regulation of synthesis and transport of bile acids as well as lipid metabolism. Although the reciprocal relationship between bile acid and triglyceride levels is well known, the mechanism underlying this link is not clearly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that FXR regulates the expression of at least two secreted factors, complement component C3 and FGF15, the rat ortholog of FGF19, known to influence lipid metabolism. The analysis of the human complement C3 gene reveals the presence of functional FXR response elements in the proximal promoter of C3. Furthermore, rats given a single dose of an FXR agonist exhibit an increase in the plasma concentration of complement C3 protein. These studies demonstrate a mechanism by which FXR, a nuclear receptor with a limited tissue expression pattern, regulates secretion of factors that ultimately can affect lipid metabolism in an endocrine or paracrine manner.

Received for publication, October 7, 2004 , and in revised form, December 2, 2004.

^* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Both authors contributed equally to this work.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biology, X-Ceptor Therapeutics, 4757 Nexus Centre Dr., San Diego, CA 92121. Tel.: 858-458-4522; Fax: 858-458-4501; E-mail: swestin{at}x-ceptor.com.

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