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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 1, 528-542, January 6, 2006

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Intracellular Versus Cell Surface Assembly of Retroviral Pseudotypes Is Determined by the Cellular Localization of the Viral Glycoprotein, Its Capacity to Interact with Gag, and the Expression of the Nef Protein^*

From the INSERM U412, Lyon Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, F-69007 France

Retroviral Gag and Env glycoproteins (GPs) are expressed from distinct cellular areas and need to encounter to interact and assemble infectious particles. Retroviral particles may also incorporate GPs derived from other enveloped viruses via active or passive mechanisms, a process known as "pseudotyping." To further understand the mechanisms of pseudotyping, we have investigated the capacity of murine leukemia virus (MLV) or lentivirus core particles to recruit GPs derived from different virus families: the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G), the hemagglutinin from an influenza virus, the E1E2 glycoproteins of hepatitis C virus (HCV-E1E2), and the retroviral Env glycoproteins of MLV and RD114 cat endogenous virus. The parameters that influenced the incorporation of viral GPs onto retroviral core particles were (i) the intrinsic cell localization properties of both viral GP and retroviral core proteins, (ii) the ability of the viral GP to interact with the retroviral core, and (iii) the expression of the lentiviral Nef protein. Whereas the hemagglutinin and VSV-G glycoproteins were recruited by MLV and lentivirus core proteins at the cell surface, the HCV and MLV GPs were most likely recruited in late endosomes. In addition, whereas these glycoproteins could be passively incorporated on either retrovirus type, the MLV GP was also actively recruited by MLV core proteins, which, through interactions with the cytoplasmic tail of the latter GP, induced its localization to late endosomal vesicles. Finally, the expression of Nef proteins specifically enhanced the incorporation of the retroviral GPs by increasing their localization in late endosomes.

Received for publication, June 3, 2005 , and in revised form, September 8, 2005.

^* This work was supported in part by "Agence Nationale pour la Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales" (ANRS), La Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, the European Community (contract LSHB-CT-2004-005242 "CONSERT"), and Région Rhône-Alpes. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ Supported by a fellowship of Vaincre la Mucoviscidose.

² To whom correspondence should be addressed: LVRTG, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France. Tel.: 33-472-72-87-32; Fax: 33-472-72-80-80; E-mail: flcosset{at}ens-lyon.fr.

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