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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 12, 8205-8215, March 24, 2006
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Mutations Conferring Resistance to SCH6, a Novel Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease Inhibitor
REDUCED RNA REPLICATION FITNESS AND PARTIAL RESCUE BY SECOND-SITE MUTATIONS*
13
From the
Center for Hepatitis Research, Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, and the Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019 and ¶Virology, ||Structural Chemistry, and **Medicinal Chemistry, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
Drug resistance is a major issue in the development and use of specific antiviral therapies. Here we report the isolation and characterization of hepatitis C virus RNA replicons resistant to a novel ketoamide inhibitor of the NS3/4A protease, SCH6 (originally SCH446211). Resistant replicon RNAs were generated by G418 selection in the presence of SCH6 in a dose-dependent fashion, with the emergence of resistance reduced at higher SCH6 concentrations. Sequencing demonstrated remarkable consistency in the mutations conferring SCH6 resistance in genotype 1b replicons derived from two different strains of hepatitis C virus, A156T/A156V and R109K. R109K, a novel mutation not reported previously to cause resistance to NS3/4A inhibitors, conferred moderate resistance only to SCH6. Structural analysis indicated that this reflects unique interactions of SCH6 with P'-side residues in the protease active site. In contrast, A156T conferred high level resistance to SCH6 and a related ketoamide, SCH503034, as well as BILN 2061 and VX-950. Unlike R109K, which had minimal impact on NS3/4A enzymatic function, A156T significantly reduced NS3/4A catalytic efficiency, polyprotein processing, and replicon fitness. However, three separate second-site mutations, P89L, Q86R, and G162R, were capable of partially reversing A156T-associated defects in polyprotein processing and/or replicon fitness, without significantly reducing resistance to the protease inhibitor.
Received for publication, September 19, 2005 , and in revised form, November 28, 2005.
The atomic coordinates and structure factors (code 2FM2) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (http://www.rcsb.org/).
* This work was supported in part by NIAID Grants U19-AI40035 (to S. M. L.) and R21-AI063451 (to M. Y.) from the National Institutes of Health, Grant 004952-0027-2001 (to S. M. L.) from the Advanced Technology Program of the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, and by NIAID Contract N01-AI25488 (to N. B.) from National Institutes of Health. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 Both authors contributed equally to this work.
2 To whom correspondence may be addressed: Virology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033. Tel.: 908-740-7446; Fax: 908-740-3032; E-mail: xiao.tong{at}spcorp.com.
3 To whom correspondence may be addressed: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019. Tel.: 409-747-7048; Fax: 409-747-7030; E-mail: smlemon{at}utmb.edu.
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