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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 13, 8379-8388, March 31, 2006

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Protein Kinase C-RhoA Cross-talk in CCL2-induced Alterations in Brain Endothelial Permeability^*

Svetlana M. Stamatovic, Oliver B. Dimitrijevic, Richard F. Keep, and Anuska V. Andjelkovic^¶1

From the Departments of Neurosurgery, ^¶Pathology, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) regulates blood-brain barrier permeability by inducing morphological and biochemical alterations in the tight junction (TJ) complex between brain endothelial cells. The present study used cultured brain endothelial cells to examine the signaling networks involved in the redistribution of TJ proteins (occludin, ZO-1, ZO-2, claudin-5) by CCL2. The CCL2-induced alterations in the brain endothelial barrier were associated with de novo Ser/Thr phosphorylation of occludin, ZO-1, ZO-2, and claudin-5. The phosphorylated TJ proteins were redistributed/localized in Triton X-100-soluble as well as Triton X-100-insoluble cell fractions. Two protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, PKC and PKC, had a significant impact on this event. Inhibition of their activity using dominant negative mutants PKC-DN and PKC-DN diminished CCL2 effects on brain endothelial permeability. Previous data indicate that Rho/Rho kinase signaling is involved in CCL2 regulation of brain endothelial permeability. The interactions between the PKC and Rho/Rho kinase pathways were therefore examined. Rho, PKC, and PKC activities were knocked down using dominant negative mutants (T17Rho, PKC-DN, and PKC-DN, respectively). PKC and Rho, but not PKC and Rho, interacted at the level of Rho, with PKC being a downstream target for Rho. Double transfection experiments using dominant negative mutants confirmed that this interaction is critical for CCL2-induced redistribution of TJ proteins. Collectively these data suggest for the first time that CCL2 induces brain endothelial hyperpermeability via Rho/PKC signal pathway interactions.

Received for publication, December 8, 2005 , and in revised form, January 9, 2006.

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant NS044907 (to A. V. A.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Depts. of Neurosurgery and Pathology, University of Michigan, R5550 Kresge I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0532. Tel.: 734-647-0651; Fax: 734-763-7322; E-mail: anuskaa{at}umich.edu.

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