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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 14, 9086-9092, April 7, 2006

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Methylglyoxal as a Signal Initiator for Activation of the Stress-activated Protein Kinase Cascade in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe^*

From the Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a typical 2-oxoaldehyde derived from glycolysis. We have recently found that MG activates transcription factors such as Yap1 and Msn2, and triggers a Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Regarding the activation of Hog1 by MG, we found that Sln1, an osmosensor possessing histidine kinase activity, functions as a sensor of MG (Maeta, K., Izawa, S., and Inoue, Y. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 253–260). To gain further insight into the role of MG as a signal initiator, here we analyze the response of Schizosaccharomyces pombe to extracellular MG. Spc1, a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), was phosphorylated following the treatment with MG. No phosphorylation was observed in a wis1 mutant. The His-to-Asp phosphorelay system consisting of three histidine kinases (Phk1, Phk2, and Phk3), a phosphorelay protein (Spy1), and a response regulator (Mcs4) exists upstream of the Spc1-SAPK pathway. The phosphorylation of Spc1 following MG treatment was observed in phk1phk2phk3 and spy1 cells, but not in mcs4 cells. These results suggest that S. pombe has an alternative module(s) that directs the MG signal to the SAPK pathway via Mcs4. Additionally, we found that the transcription factor Pap1 is concentrated in the nucleus in response to MG, independent of the Spc1-SAPK pathway.

Received for publication, October 11, 2005 , and in revised form, January 5, 2006.

^* This work was supported in part by grants from the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-774-38-3773; Fax: 81-774-33-3004; E-mail: y_inoue{at}kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp or inoue{at}food2.food.kyoto-u.ac.jp.

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