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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 20, 13939-13948, May 19, 2006

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Aprataxin Forms a Discrete Branch in the HIT (Histidine Triad) Superfamily of Proteins with Both DNA/RNA Binding and Nucleotide Hydrolase Activities^*

Amanda W. Kijas, Janelle L. Harris, Jonathan M. Harris, and Martin F. Lavin^¶1

From the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P. O. Box Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, Australia 4029, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia 4000, and ^¶Central Clinical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4029

Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is an early onset autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia with a defect in the protein Aprataxin, implicated in the response of cells to DNA damage. We describe here the expression of a recombinant form of Aprataxin and show that it has dual DNA binding and nucleotide hydrolase activities. This protein binds to double-stranded DNA with high affinity but is also capable of binding double-stranded RNA and single-strand DNA, with increased affinity for hairpin structures. No increased binding was observed with a variety of DNA structures mimicking intermediates in DNA repair. The DNA binding observed here was not dependent on zinc, and the addition of exogenous zinc abolished DNA binding. We also demonstrate that Aprataxin hydrolyzes with similar efficiency the model histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein substrate, AMPNH₂, and the Fragile histidine triad protein substrate, Ap₄A. These activities were significantly reduced in the presence of duplex DNA and to a lesser extent in the presence of single-strand DNA, and removal of the N-terminal Forkhead associated domain did not alter activity. Finally, comparison of sequence relationships between the histidine triad superfamily members shows that Aprataxin forms a distinct branch in this superfamily. In addition to its capacity for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, the observation that it also binds DNA and RNA adds a new dimension to this superfamily of proteins and provides further support for a role for Aprataxin in the cellular response to DNA damage.

Received for publication, July 21, 2005 , and in revised form, February 24, 2006.

^* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P. O. Box Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia 4029. Tel.: 61-7-3362-0341; Fax: 61-7-33620106; E-mail: Martin.Lavin{at}qimr.edu.au.

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