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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 27, 18519-18531, July 7, 2006

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Suppressed Disassembly of Autolyzing p94/CAPN3 by N2A Connectin/Titin in a Genetic Reporter System^*

Yasuko Ono, Fukuyo Torii, Koichi Ojima^¶, Naoko Doi^¶, Katsuhide Yoshioka, Yukiko Kawabata^¶1, Dietmar Labeit^||, Siegfried Labeit^||, Koichi Suzuki^**, Keiko Abe, Tatsuya Maeda^¶, and Hiroyuki Sorimachi^¶2

From the Department of Enzymatic Regulation for Cell Functions, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Rinshoken), Tokyo 113-8613, Japan, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, ^¶CREST, Japan Science and Technology (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan, ^||Institut für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany, ^**New Frontiers Research Laboratories, Toray Industries Inc., Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan, and the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan

p94/calpain 3 is a skeletal muscle-specific member of the Ca²⁺-regulated cytosolic cysteine protease family, the calpains. Defective p94 protease activity originating from gene mutations causes a muscular dystrophy called calpainopathy, indicating the indispensability of p94 for muscle survival. Because of the existence of the p94-specific regions IS1 and IS2, p94 undergoes very rapid and exhaustive autolysis. To elucidate the physiological relevance of this unique activity, the autolytic profiles of p94 and the effect of the p94 binding protein, connectin/titin, on this process were investigated. In vitro analysis of p94 autolysis showed that autolysis in IS1 proceeds without immediate disassembly into fragments and that the newly identified cryptic autolytic site in IS2 is critical for disassembling autolyzed fragments. As a genetic system to assay p94 autolysis semiquantitatively, p94 was expressed in yeast as a hybrid protein between the DNA binding and activation domains of the yeast transcriptional activator Gal4. Transcriptional activation by the Gal4-p94:WT hybrid protein is precluded by p94 autolysis. Complete or partial loss of autolytic activity by C129S active site mutation, limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A pathogenic missense mutations, or PCR-based random mutagenesis could be detected by semiquantitative restoration of Gal4-dependent -galactosidase gene expression. Using this system, the N2A connectin fragment that binds to p94 was shown to suppress p94 autolytic disassembly. The proximity of the IS2 autolytic and connectin-binding sites in p94 suggested that N2A connectin suppresses IS2 autolysis. These data indicate the importance of p94-connectin interaction in the control of p94 functions by regulating autolytic decay of p94.

Received for publication, February 2, 2006 , and in revised form, April 10, 2006.

^* This work was supported in part by MEXT.KAKENHI Grants 16026209 (to H. S.) and 14656054 (to K. A.), JSPS.KAKENHI Grant 15380089 (to H.S.), KAKENHI Grant 14086203 (to T. M.), Salt Science Research Foundation Grant 0349 (to T. M.), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant La 1969/1-1 (to D. L.), and Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Research Grant 17A-10 for Nervous and Mental Disorders (to H. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ Present address: Dept. of Applied Biological Science, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan.

² To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Enzymatic Regulation for Cell Functions, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Rinshoken), 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan. Tel./Fax:81-3-3823-2181; E-mail: sorimach{at}rinshoken.or.jp.

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