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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 29, 20190-20196, July 21, 2006

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Staphylococcus aureus Protein A Activates TNFR1 Signaling through Conserved IgG Binding Domains^*

Marisa I. Gómez¹, Maghnus O'Seaghdha, Mariah Magargee, Timothy J. Foster, and Alice S. Prince²

From the Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland

Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a major cause of infection in normal as well as immunocompromised hosts, and the increasing prevalence of highly virulent community-acquired methicillin-resistant strains is a public health concern. A highly expressed surface component of S. aureus, protein A (SpA), contributes to its success as a pathogen by both activating inflammation and by interfering with immune clearance. SpA is known to bind to IgG Fc, which impedes phagocytosis. SpA is also a potent activator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling, inducing both chemokine expression and TNF-converting enzyme-dependent soluble TNFR1 (sTNFR1) shedding, which has anti-inflammatory consequences, particularly in the lung. Using a collection of glutathione S-transferase fusions to the intact IgG binding region of SpA and to each of the individual binding domains, we found that the SpA IgG binding domains also mediate binding to human airway cells. TNFR1-dependent CXCL8 production could be elicited by any one of the individual SpA IgG binding domains as efficiently as by either the entire SpA or the intact IgG binding region. SpA induction of sTNFR1 shedding required the entire IgG binding region and tolerated fewer substitutions in residues known to interact with IgG. Each of the repeated domains of the IgG binding domain can affect multiple immune responses independently, activating inflammation through TNFR1 and thwarting opsonization by trapping IgG Fc domains, while the intact IgG binding region can limit further signaling through sTNFR1 shedding.

Received for publication, March 1, 2006 , and in revised form, April 13, 2006.

^* This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (to A. S. P.) and the Health Research Board of Ireland (to T. J. F.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ Supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the U.S. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

² To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pediatrics, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th St., Black Bldg. 4-416, New York, NY 10032. Tel.: 212-305-4193; Fax: 212-342-5728; E-mail: asp7{at}columbia.edu.

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