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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 30, 21377-21386, July 28, 2006
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1
From the
Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York 10021 and the
Center for Applied Genomics, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, New Jersey 07103
Many neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by two pathological hallmarks: progressive loss of neurons and occurrence of inclusion bodies containing ubiquitinated proteins. Inflammation may be critical to neurodegeneration associated with ubiquitin-protein aggregates. We previously showed that prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), one of the endogenous products of inflammation, induces neuronal death and the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins into distinct aggregates. We now report that temporal microarray analysis of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH revealed that PGJ2 triggered a "repair" response including increased expression of heat shock, protein folding, stress response, detoxification and cysteine metabolism genes. PGJ2 also decreased expression of cell growth/maintenance genes and increased expression of apoptotic genes. Over time pro-death responses prevailed over pro-survival responses, leading to cellular demise. Furthermore, PGJ2 increased the expression of proteasome and other ubiquitin-proteasome pathway genes. This increase failed to overcome PGJ2 inhibition of 26 S proteasome activity. Ubiquitinated proteins are degraded by the 26 S proteasome, shown here to be the most active proteasomal form in SK-N-SH cells. We demonstrate that PGJ2 impairs 26 S proteasome assembly, which is an ATP-dependent process. PGJ2 perturbs mitochondrial function, which could be critical to the observed 26 S proteasome disassembly, suggesting a cross-talk between mitochondrial and proteasomal impairment. In conclusion neurotoxic products of inflammation, such as PGJ2, may play a role in neurodegenerative disorders associated with the aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins by impairing 26 S proteasome activity and inducing a chain of events that culminates in neuronal cell death. Temporal characterization of these events is relevant to understanding the underlying mechanisms and to identifying potential early biomarkers.
Received for publication, February 7, 2006 , and in revised form, May 8, 2006.
Data were deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository under the accession number GSE4329 [NCBI GEO] .
* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants RR03037 (to Hunter College and M. E. F.-P., head of subproject) from NIGMS/RCMI and GM060665 (to Hunter College) from NIGMS. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Tables S1-S3.
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of City University of NewYork, 695 Park Ave., NY, NY 10021. Tel.: 212-650-3565; Fax: 212-772-5227; E-mail: pereira{at}genectr.hunter.cuny.edu.
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