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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 32, 23129-23137, August 11, 2006

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Regulation of the Dha Operon of Lactococcus lactis

A DEVIATION FROM THE RULE FOLLOWED BY THE TetR FAMILY OF TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS^*

Sandra Christen¹, Annapurna Srinivas¹, Priska Bähler, Anja Zeller, David Pridmore, Christoph Bieniossek, Ulrich Baumann², and Bernhard Erni³

From the Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland and the Nestlé Research Center, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland

Dihydroxyacetone (Dha) kinases are a novel family of kinases with signaling and metabolic functions. Here we report the x-ray structures of the transcriptional activator DhaS and the coactivator DhaQ and characterize their function. DhaQ is a paralog of the Dha binding Dha kinase subunit; DhaS belongs to the family of TetR repressors although, unlike all known members of this family, it is a transcriptional activator. DhaQ and DhaS form a stable complex that in the presence of Dha activates transcription of the Lactococcus lactis dha operon. Dha covalently binds to DhaQ through a hemiaminal bond with a histidine and thereby induces a conformational change, which is propagated to the surface via a cantilever-like structure. DhaS binding protects an inverted repeat whose sequence is GGACACATN₆ATTTGTCC and renders two GC base pairs of the operator DNA hypersensitive to DNase I cleavage. The proximal half-site of the inverted repeat partially overlaps with the predicted -35 consensus sequence of the dha promoter.

Received for publication, April 11, 2006 , and in revised form, May 25, 2006.

The atomic coordinates and structure factors (code 2IU4, 2IU5, and 2IU6) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (http://www.rcsb.org/).

^* This research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant 3100A0-105247 and the Ciba-Geigy Jubilaümsstiftung. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement"in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplementary materials including Tables S1-S3 and Fig. S1.

¹ These authors contributed equally to this work.

² To whom correspondence may be addressed: Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Tel.: 41-31-6314320; Fax: 41-31-6314887; E-mail: ulrich.baumann{at}ibc.unibe.ch.

³ To whom correspondence may be addressed: Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Tel.: 41-31-6314346; Fax: 41-31-6314887; E-mail: erni{at}ibc.unibe.ch.

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