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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 47, 36443-36453, November 24, 2006

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Opposing Roles for Akt1 and Akt2 in Rac/Pak Signaling and Cell Migration^*

Guo-Lei Zhou¹, David F. Tucker, Sun Sik Bae, Kanav Bhatheja, Morris J. Birnbaum, and Jeffrey Field²

From the Department of Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

The Akt/PKB isoforms have different roles in animals, with Akt2 primarily regulating metabolic signaling and Akt1 regulating growth and survival. Here we show distinct roles for Akt1 and Akt2 in mouse embryo fibroblast cell migration and regulation of the cytoskeleton. Akt1-deficient cells responded poorly to platelet-derived growth factor while Akt2-deficient cells had a dramatically enhanced response, resulting in a substantial increase in dorsal ruffling. Swapping domains between Akt1 and Akt2 demonstrated that the N-terminal region containing the pleckstrin homology domain and a linker region distinguishes the two isoforms, while the catalytic domains are interchangeable. Akt2 knock-out cells also migrated faster than wild-type cells, especially through extracellular matrix (ECM), while Akt1 knock-out cells migrated more slowly than wild-type cells. Consistently, Akt2 knock-out cells had elevated Pak1 and Rac activities, suggesting that Akt2 inhibits Rac and Pak1. Both Akt2 and Akt1 associated in complexes with Pak1, but only Akt2 inhibited Pak1 in kinase assays, suggesting an underlying molecular basis for the different cellular phenotypes. Together these data provide evidence for an unexpected functional link between Akt2 and Pak1 that opposes the actions of Akt1 on cell migration.

Received for publication, January 25, 2006 , and in revised form, September 12, 2006.

^* This work was supported in part by Grants GM48241 (to J. F.) and DK56886 (to M. J. B.) from the National Institutes of Health. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ Supported by a National Scientist Development grant from the American Heart Association (0630394N).

² To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Tel.: 215-898-1912; Fax: 215-573-2236; E-mail: field{at}pharm.med.upenn.edu.

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