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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 52, 40461-40472, December 29, 2006

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Deficiency in Phylloquinone (Vitamin K₁) Methylation Affects Prenyl Quinone Distribution, Photosystem I Abundance, and Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Arabidopsis AtmenG Mutant^*

Antje Lohmann, Mark Aurel Schöttler, Claire Bréhélin^¶1, Felix Kessler^¶1, Ralph Bock, Edgar B. Cahoon^||, and Peter Dörmann²

From the Departments of Molecular Physiology, and Organelle Biology, Biotechnology, and Molecular Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, the ^¶Laboratory of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, rue Emile Argand 11, CP 158, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and the ^||USDA-Agricultural Research Service Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132

Phylloquinone (vitamin K₁) is synthesized in cyanobacteria and in chloroplasts of plants, where it serves as electron carrier of photosystem I. The last step of phylloquinone synthesis in cyanobacteria is the methylation of 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone by the menG gene product. Here, we report that the uncharacterized Arabidopsis gene At1g23360, which shows sequence similarity to menG, functionally complements the Synechocystis menG mutant. An Arabidopsis mutant, AtmenG, carrying a T-DNA insertion in the gene At1g23360 is devoid of phylloquinone, but contains an increased amount of 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Phylloquinone and 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in thylakoid membranes of wild type and AtmenG, respectively, predominantly localize to photosystem I, whereas excess amounts of prenyl quinones are stored in plastoglobules. Photosystem I reaction centers are decreased in AtmenG plants under high light, as revealed by immunoblot and spectroscopic measurements. Anthocyanin accumulation and chalcone synthase (CHS1) transcription are affected during high light exposure, indicating that alterations in photosynthesis in AtmenG affect gene expression in the nucleus. Photosystem II quantum yield is decreased under high light. Therefore, the loss of phylloquinone methylation affects photosystem I stability or turnover, and the limitation in functional photosystem I complexes results in overreduction of photosystem II under high light.

Received for publication, October 5, 2006 , and in revised form, November 2, 2006.

^* This work was supported by Grant Do580/8 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ Supported by the University of Neuchâtel and the Swiss National Center for Competence in Research.

² To whom correspondence should be addressed: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. Tel.: 49-331-567-8259; Fax: 49-331-567-8250; E-mail: doermann{at}mpimp-golm.mpg.de.

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