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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 2, 1374-1383, January 12, 2007
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Visualization of Galectin-3 Oligomerization on the Surface of Neutrophils and Endothelial Cells Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer*
1
From the
Glycobiology Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada and Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
Galectin-3, a member of the galectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins, is widely expressed, particularly in cells involved in the immune response. Galectin-3 has also been indicated to play a role in various biological activities ranging from cell repression to cell activation and adhesion and has, thus, been recognized as an immunomodulator. Whereas those activities are likely to be associated with ligand cross-linking by this lectin, galectin-3, unlike other members of the galectin family, exists as a monomer. It has consequently been proposed that oligomerization of the N-terminal domains of galectin-3 molecules, after ligand binding by the C-terminal domain, is responsible for this cross-linking. The oligomerization status of galectin-3 could, thus, control the majority of its extracellular activities. However, little is known about the actual mode of action through which galectin-3 exerts its function. In this report we present data suggesting that oligomerization of galectin-3 molecules occurs on cell surfaces with physiological concentrations of the lectin. Using galectin-3 labeled at the C terminus with Alexa 488 or Alexa 555, the oligomerization between galectin-3 molecules on cell surfaces was detected using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We observed this fluorescence resonance energy transfer signal in different biological settings representing the different modes of action of galectin-3 that we previously proposed; that is, ligand crosslinking leading to cell activation, cell-cell interaction/adhesion, and lattice formation. Furthermore, our data suggest that galectin-3 lattices are robust and could, thus, be involved, as previously proposed, in the restriction of receptor clustering.
Received for publication, May 10, 2006 , and in revised form, October 6, 2006.
* This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (to S. S.) and the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience (to S. S.), by equipment grants from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (to S. S. and to the Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie), and by grants from the Program for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Bioscience (Japan) (to A. K.) and from New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (Japan) (to J. H.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Glycobiology Laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, CHUL, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada. Tel.: 418-654-2705 (ext. 48647); Fax: 418-654-2715; E-mail address: Sachiko.Sato{at}crchul.ulaval.ca.
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