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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 25, 18467-18480, June 22, 2007

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Stress-responsive Gln3 Localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Separable from and Can Overwhelm Nitrogen Source Regulation^*

From the Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163

Intracellular localization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GATA family transcription activator, Gln3, is used as a downstream readout of rapamycin-inhibited Tor1,2 control of Tap42 and Sit4 activities. Gln3 is cytoplasmic in cells provided with repressive nitrogen sources such as glutamine and is nuclear in cells growing with a derepressive nitrogen source such as proline or those treated with rapamycin or methionine sulfoximine (Msx). Although gross Gln3-Myc¹³ phosphorylation levels in wild type cells do not correlate with nitrogen source-determined intracellular Gln3-Myc¹³ localization, the phosphorylation levels are markedly influenced by several environmental perturbations. Msx treatment increases Snf1-independent Gln3-Myc¹³ phosphorylation, whereas carbon starvation increases both Snf1-dependent and -independent Gln3-Myc¹³ phosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that a broad spectrum of environmental stresses (temperature, osmotic, and oxidative) increase Gln3-Myc¹³ phosphorylation. In parallel, these stresses elicit rapid (<5 min for NaCl) Gln3-Myc¹³ relocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The response of Gln3-Myc¹³ localization to stressful conditions can completely overwhelm its response to nitrogen source quality or inhibitor-generated disruption of the Tor1,2 signal transduction pathway. Adding NaCl to cells cultured under conditions in which Gln3-Myc¹³ is normally nuclear, i.e. proline-grown, nitrogen-starved, Msx-, caffeine-, and rapamycin-treated wild type cells, or ure2 cells, results in its prompt relocalization to the cytoplasm. Together these data identify a major new level of regulation to which Gln3 responds, and adds a new dimension to mechanistic studies of the regulation of this transcription factor.

Received for publication, October 10, 2006 , and in revised form, March 16, 2007.

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM-35642 and National Science Foundation Collaborative Grant DMS-0443855. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 901-448-6179; Fax: 901-448-8462; E-mail: tcooper{at}utmem.edu.

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