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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 27, 20002-20014, July 6, 2007

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von Willebrand Factor Type C Domain-containing Proteins Regulate Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling through Different Recognition Mechanisms^*

From the Department of Physiological Chemistry II, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) function is regulated in the extracellular space by many modulator proteins, including those containing a von Willebrand factor type C (VWC) domain. The function of the VWC domain-containing proteins in development and diseases has been extensively studied. The structural basis, however, for the mechanism by which BMP is regulated by these proteins is still poorly understood. By analyzing chordin, CHL2 (chordin-like 2), and CV2 (crossveinless 2) as well as their individual VWC domains, we show that the VWC domain is a versatile binding module that in its multiple forms and environments can expose a variety of binding specificities. Three of four, two of three, and one of five VWCs from chordin, CHL2, and CV2, respectively, can bind BMPs. Using an array of BMP-2 mutant proteins, it can be demonstrated that the binding-competent VWC domains all use a specific subset of BMP-2 binding determinants that overlap with the binding site for the type II receptors (knuckle epitope) or for the type I receptors (wrist epitope). This explains the competition between modulator proteins and receptors for BMP binding and therefore the inhibition of BMP signaling. A subset of VWC domains from CHL2 binds to the Tsg (twisted gastrulation) protein similar to chordin. A stable ternary complex consisting of BMP-2, CHL2, and Tsg can be formed, thus making CHL2 a more efficient BMP-2 inhibitor. The VWCs of CV2, however, do not interact with Tsg. The present results show that chordin, CHL2, and CV2 regulate BMP-2 signaling by different recognition mechanisms.

Received for publication, January 16, 2007 , and in revised form, April 25, 2007.

^* This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant KFO 103, Teil C. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Physiological Chemistry II, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany. Tel.: 49-931-8884121; Fax: 49-931-8884113; E-mail: zhang{at}biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de.

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