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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 44, 32338-32348, November 2, 2007

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Bacteria-derived Peptidoglycans Constitute Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns Triggering Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis^*

Andrea A. Gust¹, Raja Biswas, Heike D. Lenz, Thomas Rauhut^¶, Stefanie Ranf^||, Birgit Kemmerling, Friedrich Götz, Erich Glawischnig^¶, Justin Lee^||, Georg Felix, and Thorsten Nürnberger

From the Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Biochemistry, and Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, the ^¶Department of Genetics, Technical University Munich, 85350 Freising, and the ^||Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity constitutes the primary plant immune response that has evolved to recognize invariant structures of microbial surfaces. Here we show that Gram-positive bacteria-derived peptidoglycan (PGN) constitutes a novel PAMP of immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Treatment with PGN from Staphylococcus aureus results in the activation of plant responses, such as medium alkalinization, elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, nitric oxide, and camalexin production and the post-translational induction of MAPK activities. Microarray analysis performed with RNA prepared from PGN-treated Arabidopsis leaves revealed enhanced transcript levels for 236 genes, many of which are also altered upon administration of flagellin. Comparison of cellular responses after treatment with bacteria-derived PGN and structurally related fungal chitin indicated that both PAMPs are perceived via different perception systems. PGN-mediated immune stimulation in Arabidopsis is based upon recognition of the PGN sugar backbone, while muramyl dipeptide, which is inactive in this plant, triggers immunity-associated responses in animals. PGN adds to the list of PAMPs that induce innate immune programs in both plants and animals. However, we propose that PGN perception systems arose independently in both lineages and are the result of convergent evolution.

Received for publication, June 13, 2007 , and in revised form, August 29, 2007.

^* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. S1 and S2 and Tables S1 and S2.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Fax: 49-7071-295226; E-mail: andrea.gust{at}zmbp.uni-tuebingen.de.

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