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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 7, 4634-4642, February 16, 2007

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A Novel Cell-permeable Antioxidant Peptide, SS31, Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury by Down-regulating CD36^*

Sunghee Cho¹, Hazel H. Szeto^¶, Eunhee Kim, Hyunjoo Kim, Aaron T. Tolhurst, and John T. Pinto

From the Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605 and the Departments of Neurology/Neuroscience and ^¶Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Recently, we demonstrated that activation of CD36, a class B scavenger receptor, mediates free radical production and tissue injury in cerebral ischemia (1). Oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) are among the ligands that bind to CD36 and are elevated in acute cerebral infarction. SS31 is a cell-permeable antioxidant peptide that reduces intracellular free radicals and inhibits LDL oxidation/lipid peroxidation (2). The current study was designed to investigate whether treatment with SS31 normalizes ischemia-induced redox changes and attenuates CD36-mediated tissue injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Redox status and infarct volume were measured in animals treated with either saline or SS31. Oxidative stress induced by ischemia/reperfusion profoundly depleted glutathione (GSH) concentrations in the ipsilateral cortex and striatum. Treating mice with SS31 immediately after reperfusion significantly attenuated ischemia-induced GSH depletion in the cortex and reduced infarct size. By contrast, the protective effect of SS31 was absent in CD36 knock-out mice, indicating that SS31 is acting through inhibition of CD36. Treating C57BL/6 mice with SS31 reduced CD36 expression in postischemic brain and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM). Further in vitro studies revealed that SS31 attenuated oxLDL-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation in MPM. These in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that the down-regulation of CD36 by novel class antioxidant peptides may be a useful strategy to treat ischemic stroke victims.

Received for publication, October 4, 2006 , and in revised form, December 7, 2006.

^* This work was supported in part by the Burke Foundation (to S. C.) and National Institutes of Health Grants: NHLBI R01 HL082511 (to S. C.), NIDA P01 DA08924 (to H. H. S.), and NINDS R21 NS048295 (to H. H. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement"in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University at Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605. E-mail: suc2002{at}med.cornell.edu.

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