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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 283, Issue 12, 7309-7313, March 21, 2008

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Minireview

Intracellular Organic Osmolytes: Function and Regulation^*

From the Department of Health and Human Services, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1603

Cells of almost all organisms accumulate organic osmolytes when exposed to hyperosmolality, most often in the form of high salt or urea. In this review, we discuss 1) how the organic osmolytes protect; 2) the identity of osmolytes in Archaea, bacteria, yeast, plants, marine animals, and mammals; 3) the mechanisms by which they are accumulated; 4) sensors of osmolality; 5) the signaling pathways involved; and 6) mutual counteraction by urea and methylamines.

^* This minireview will be reprinted in the 2008 Minireview Compendium, which will be available in January, 2009. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of NHLBI, National Institutes of Health.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: NHLBI, NIH, Bldg. 10, Rm. 6N260, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1603. Fax: 301-402-1443; E-mail: Maurice_Burg{at}nih.gov.

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