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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 283, Issue 14, 9089-9100, April 4, 2008

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Mitochondrial Import and Accumulation of -Synuclein Impair Complex I in Human Dopaminergic Neuronal Cultures and Parkinson Disease Brain^*

From the Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

-Synuclein, a protein implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD), is thought to affect mitochondrial functions, although the mechanisms of its action remain unclear. In this study we show that the N-terminal 32 amino acids of human -synuclein contain cryptic mitochondrial targeting signal, which is important for mitochondrial targeting of -synuclein. Mitochondrial imported -synuclein is predominantly associated with the inner membrane. Accumulation of wild-type -synuclein in the mitochondria of human dopaminergic neurons caused reduced mitochondrial complex I activity and increased production of reactive oxygen species. However, these defects occurred at an early time point in dopaminergic neurons expressing familial -synuclein with A53T mutation as compared with wild-type -synuclein. Importantly, -synuclein that lacks mitochondrial targeting signal failed to target to the mitochondria and showed no detectable effect on complex I function. The PD relevance of these results was investigated using mitochondria of substantia nigra, striatum, and cerebellum of postmortem late-onset PD and normal human brains. Results showed the constitutive presence of 14-kDa -synuclein in the mitochondria of all three brain regions of normal subjects. Mitochondria of PD-vulnerable substantia nigra and striatum but not cerebellum from PD subjects showed significant accumulation of -synuclein and decreased complex I activity. Analysis of mitochondria from PD brain and -synuclein expressing dopaminergic neuronal cultures using blue native gel electrophoresis and immunocapture technique showed the association of -synuclein with complex I. These results provide evidence that mitochondrial accumulated -synuclein may interact with complex I and interfere with its functions.

Received for publication, December 7, 2007 , and in revised form, January 28, 2008.

^* This work was supported by NIA, National Institutes of Health Grant AG 021920. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Table S1.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce St., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Tel.: 215-898-6830; Fax: 215-573-6651; E-mail: ann1234{at}vet.upenn.edu.

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