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Papers In Press, published online ahead of print July 5, 2001
J. Biol. Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M104632200
Submitted on May 21, 2001
Revised on July 5, 2001
Accepted on July 3, 2001
Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
Corresponding Author: r_katz{at}fccc.edu
Retroviral integrase (IN) recognizes linear viral DNA ends and introduces nicks adjacent to a highly conserved CA dinucleotide usually located two base pairs from the 3´-ends of viral DNA (the "processing" reaction). In a second step, the same IN active site catalyzes the insertion these ends into host DNA (the "joining" reaction). Both DNA sequence and DNA structure contribute to specific recognition of viral DNA ends by IN. Here we use potassium permanganate modification to show that the avian sarcoma virus (ASV) IN catalytic domain is able to distort viral DNA ends in vitro. This distortion activity is consistent with both unpairing and unstacking of the three terminal base pairs, including the processing site adjacent to the conserved CA. Furthermore, the introduction of mismatch mutations that destabilize the viral DNA ends were found to stimulate the IN processing reaction as well as IN-mediated distortion. End-distortion activity was also observed with mutant or heterologous DNA substrates. However, further analyses showed that using Mn2+ as a cofactor, processing site specificity of these substrates was also maintained. Our results support a model whereby unpairing and unstacking of the terminal base pairs is a required step in the processing reaction. Furthermore, these results are consistent with our previous observations indicating that unpairing of target DNA promotes the joining reaction.
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