It is shown here that the gene for the single subunit, rotenone-insensitive and flavone-sensitive internal NADH-quinone oxidoreductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NDI1) can completely restore the NADH dehydrogenase activity in mutant human cells that lack the essential mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded subunit ND4. In particular, the NDI1 gene was introduced into the nuclear genome of the human 143B.TK- cell line derivative C4T, which carries a homoplasmic frameshift mutation in the ND4 gene. Two transformants, with a low or high level of expression of the exogenous gene, were chosen for a detailed analysis. In these cells, the corresponding protein is localized in mitochondria, its NADH-binding site faces the matrix compartment, as in yeast mitochondria, and, in perfect correlation with its abundance, restores partially or fully NADH-dependent respiration, that is rotenone-insensitive, flavone-sensitive, and antimycin A-sensitive. Thus the yeast enzyme has become coupled to the downstream portion of the human respiratory chain. Furthermore, the P:O ratio with malate/glutamate-dependent respiration in the transformants is approximately two-thirds of that of the wild-type 143B.TK- cells, as expected from the lack of proton pumping activity in the yeast enzyme. Finally, while the original mutant cell line C4T fails to grow in medium containing galactose instead of glucose, the high NDI1-expressing transformant has a fully restored capacity to grow in galactose medium. The present observations substantially expand the potential of the yeast NDI1 gene for the therapy of mitochondrial diseases involving complex I deficiency.