Rhizobium etli CNPAF512 produces an autoinducer that inhibits growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 248 and activates the Agrobacterium tumefaciens tra reporter system. Production of this compound in R. etli is dependent on two genes, named cinR and cinI, postulated to code for a transcriptional regulator and an autoinducer synthase, respectively. NMR analysis of the purified molecule indicates that the R. etli autoinducer produced by CinI is a saturated long chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-homoserine lactone, abbreviated as 3OH,(slc)-HSL. Using cin-gusA fusions, expression of cinI and cinR was shown to be growth phase dependent. Deletion analysis of the cinI promoter region indicates that a regulatory element negatively controls cinI expression. Mutational analysis revealed that expression of the cinI gene is positively regulated by the CinR/3OH,(slc)-HSL complex. Besides 3OH,(slc)-HSL, R. etli produces at least six other autoinducer molecules, for which the structures have not yet been revealed, and of which the synthesis requires the previously identified raiI and raiR genes. At least three different autoinducers, including a compound co-migrating with 3OH,(slc)-HSL, are produced in R. etli bacteroids isolated from bean nodules. This is further substantiated by the observation that cinI and cinR are both expressed under symbiotic conditions. Acetylene reduction activity of nodules induced by the cin mutants was reduced with 60-70% compared to wild-type nodules, indicating that the R. etli 3OH,(slc)-HSL is involved in the symbiotic process. This was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of nodules induced by the wild type and the cinI mutant. Symbiosomes carrying cinI mutant bacteroids did not fully differentiate as compared to wild-type symbiosomes. Finally, it was observed that the cinR gene and raiR control growth of R. etli.