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Papers In Press, published online ahead of print November 20, 2003
Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
Corresponding Author: david.jones{at}hci.utah.edu
Gadd45
J. Biol. Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M311517200
Submitted on October 21, 2003
Revised on November 19, 2003
Accepted on November 20, 2003
Identification of a Gadd45
3-prime enhancer that mediates SMAD3 and SMAD4 dependent transcriptional induction by TGF
regulates cell growth, differentiation, and cell death following cellular exposure to diverse stimuli, including DNA damage and Transforming Growth Factor-
(TGF
). We examined how cells transduce the TGF
signal from the cell surface to the Gadd45
genomic locus and describe how Gadd45
contributes to TGF
biology. Following an alignment of Gadd45
genomic sequences from multiple organisms, we discovered a novel TGF
-responsive enhancer encompassing the third intron of the Gadd45
gene. Using three different experimental approaches, we found that SMAD3 and SMAD4, but not SMAD2, mediate transcription from this enhancer. Three lines of evidence support our conclusions. First, over-expression of SMAD3 and SMAD4 activated the transcriptional activity from this enhancer. Second, silencing of SMAD protein levels using short interfering RNAs revealed that TGF
-induced activation of the endogenous Gadd45
gene required SMAD3 and SMAD4, but not SMAD2. In contrast, we found that the regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI1) depended upon all three SMAD proteins. Lastly, SMAD3 and SMAD4 reconstitution in SMAD-deficient cancer cells restored TGF
induction of Gadd45
. Finally, we assessed the function of Gadd45
within the TGF
response and found that Gadd45
deficient cells arrested in G2 following TGF
treatment. These data support a role for SMAD3 and SMAD4 in activating Gadd45
through its third intron to facilitate G2 progression following TGF
treatment.
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