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Papers In Press, published online ahead of print August 3, 2005
dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli 80126
Corresponding Author: molinaro{at}unina.it
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are major components of the cell surface of Gram negative bacteria with diverse roles in bacterial pathogenesis of animals and plants that include elicitation of host defenses. Little is known about the mechanisms of perception of these molecules by plants and about the associated signal transduction pathways that trigger plant immunity. Here we address the issue of the molecular basis of elicitation of plant defenses through the structural determination of the LOS of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 and examination of the effects of LOS and fragments obtained by chemical treatments on the immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana. The structure shows a strong accumulation of negatively charged groups in the lipid A-inner core region and has a number of novel features, including a galacturonyl phosphate attached at Kdo residue and a unique phosphoramide group in the inner core region. Intact LOS and the lipid A and core oligosaccharides derived from it were all able to induce the defense-related genes PR1 and PR2 in Arabidopsis and to prevent the hypersensitive response (HR) caused by avirulent bacteria. Although LOS induced defense-related gene transcription in two temporal phases, the core oligosaccharide induced only the earlier phase and lipid A only the later phase. These findings suggest that plant cells can recognize lipid A and core oligosaccharide structures within LOS to trigger defensive cellular responses and that this may occur via two distinct recognition events.
J. Biol. Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M506254200
Submitted on June 8, 2005
Revised on July 21, 2005
Accepted on July 27, 2005
The elicitation of plant innate imunity by lipooligosaccharide of xanthomonas campestris
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