Papers In Press, published online ahead of print March 7, 2006
J. Biol. Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M512317200
Submitted on November 16, 2005
Revised on March 7, 2006
Accepted on March 7, 2006
The regulatory roles of the galactose permease and kinase in the induction response of the GAL network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Kristy M. Hawkins and Christina D. Smolke
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
Corresponding Author: smolke{at}cheme.caltech.edu
The GAL genetic switch of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibits an ultrasensitive response to the inducer galactose as well as the all-or-none behavior characteristic of many eukaryotic regulatory networks. We have constructed a strain which allows intermediate levels of gene expression from a tunable GAL1 promoter at both the population and single-cell level by altering the regulation of the galactose permease Gal2p. Similar modifications to other feedback loops regulating the Gal80p repressor and the Gal3p signaling protein did not result in similarly tuned responses, indicating that the level of inducer transport is unique in its ability to control the switch response of the network. In addition, removal of the Gal1p galactokinase from the network resulted in a regimed response due to the dual role of this enzyme in galactose catabolism and transport. These two activities have competing effects on the response of the network to galactose such that transport effects of Gal1p are dominant at low galactose concentrations, whereas its catabolic effects are dominant at high galactose concentrations. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed the unexpected phenomenon of multiple populations in the gal1(delta) strains which were not present in the isogenic GAL1 background. This result indicates that Gal1p may play a previously undescribed role in the stability of the GAL network response.