Previous studies have suggested that Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 homolog that does not exhibit appreciable affinity for the caspase 8-generated C-terminal Bid fragment (tBid), nonetheless diminishes sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-a-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The present studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which Mcl-1 confers TRAIL resistance and evaluate methods for overcoming this resistance. Affinity purification/immunoblotting assays using K562 human leukemia cells, which contain Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL as the predominant antiapoptotic Bcl-2 homologs, demonstrated that TRAIL treatment resulted in binding of tBid to Bcl-xL but not Mcl-1. In contrast, TRAIL caused increased binding between Mcl-1 and Bak that was diminished by treatment with the caspase 8 inhibitor IETD(OMe)-fmk or the c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125. In addition, TRAIL caused increased binding of Bim and Puma to Mcl-1 that was inhibited by IETD(OMe)-fmk but not SP600125. Further experiments demonstrated that downregulation of Mcl-1 by short hairpin RNA or the kinase inhibitor sorafenib increased TRAIL-induced Bak activation and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in a wide variety of neoplastic cell lines as well as clinical acute myelogenous leukemia specimens. Collectively, these observations not only suggest a model in which Mcl¬-1 confers TRAIL resistance by serving as a buffer for Bak, Bim, and Puma, but also identify sorafenib as a potential modulator of TRAIL sensitivity.