The ubiquitous m- and µ-calpains are thought to be localized in the cytosolic compartment, as is their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. Previously, µ-calpain was found to be enriched in mitochondrial fractions isolated from rat cerebral cortex and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, but the submitochondrial localization of µ-calpain was not determined. In the present study, submitochondrial fractionation and digitonin permeabilization studies indicated that both calpain 1 and calpain small subunit 1, which together form µ-calpain, are present in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The N-terminal of calpain 1 contains an amphipathic a-helical domain, and is distinct from the N-terminal of calpain 2. Calpain 1, but not calpain 2, was imported into mitochondria. Removal of the N-terminal 22 amino acids of calpain 1 blocked the mitochondrial calpain import, while addition of this N-terminal region to calpain 2 or green fluorescent protein enabled mitochondrial import. The N-terminal of calpain 1 was not processed following mitochondrial import, but was removed by autolysis following calpain activation. Calpain small subunit 1 was not directly imported into mitochondria, but was imported in the presence of calpain 1. The localization of a mitochondrial targeting sequence in the N-terminal region of calpain 1 is consistent with the localization of µ-calpain to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and provides new insight into the possible functions of this cysteine protease.