Advertisement
JBC

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mallet, B.
Right arrow Articles by Franc, J.-L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mallet, B.
Right arrow Articles by Franc, J.-L.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Volume 270, Number 50, Issue of December 15, 1995 pp. 29881-29888
©1995 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
N-Glycans Modulate in Vivo and in Vitro Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
STUDY AT THE N-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF THYROGLOBULIN (*)

(Received for publication, July 20, 1995; and in revised form, October 3, 1995)

Bernard Mallet (§),  ,  Pierre-Jean Lejeune ,  Nathalie Baudry ,  Patricia Niccoli (¶),  ,  Pierre Carayon ,  Jean-Louis Franc

From the From Unité 38, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille, Cedex 05, France

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
FOOTNOTES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is the substrate for thyroid hormone biosynthesis, which requires tyrosine iodination and iodotyrosine coupling and occurs at the apical membrane of the thyrocytes. Tg glycoconjugates have been shown to play a major role in Tg routing through cellular compartments and recycling after endocytosis. Here we show that glycoconjugates also play a direct role in hormonosynthesis. The N-terminal domain (NTD; Asn^1-Met) of human Tg, which bears the preferential hormonogenic site, brings two N-glycans (Asn and Asn). NTD preparations were purified from Tg with low and mild iodine content in vivo and from poorly iodinated Tg after in vitro iodination and coupling. NTD separated from poorly iodinated Tg was also submitted to iodination and coupling after desialylation and deglycosylation. The various NTD isoforms were analyzed for their N-glycan structures and hormone contents. Our results show that 1) in vivo as well as in vitro unglycosylated isoforms did not synthesize hormones, whereas fully or partially (at Asn) glycosylated isoforms did; 2) high mannose type structures enhanced the hormone content; and 3) desialylation did not affect in vitro hormone synthesis. Evidence of a direct involvement in hormonosynthesis adds to the role of N-glycans in Tg function and opens the way to new mechanisms for regulation (e.g. TSH modulation of N-glycan) or alteration (e.g. Asn mutation) of thyroid hormone synthesis.

INTRODUCTION

Thyroglobulin (Tg), (^1)the prothyroid hormone, is the major component of the thyroid gland. Tg is a large dimeric glycoprotein (2 times 330 kDa) containing about 10% of carbohydrates. Among all proteins, Tg has the unique ability to form triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) residues by coupling the iodotyrosine residues. The iodine content of human Tg varies largely with the iodine intake: 0.05-1.1% (w:w), i.e. 2.5-55 atoms of iodine/mol of Tg. With as few as four iodine atoms, Tg can form T4, which indicates that specific mechanisms succeed in iodinating only few of the Tg molecules. Only four hormonogenic sites have been identified in human Tg. The preferential site is Tyr^5, where most of the T4 is formed; the other sites are localized in the C terminus of the molecule(1) .

Human Tg is glycosylated with N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharide residues(2) . N-Glycosylation of Tg begins after transfer of the nascent polypeptide chain into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where a common oligosaccharide (Glc(3)-Man(9)-GlcNAc(2)) is transferred from a specific lipid carrier to Asn residues present in about 15 of the 20 potential glycosylation sites of the Tg subunit(3) . Processing then occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, in which the initial oligosaccharide form is gradually converted into different types of N-glycans: high mannose type, hybrid type, and bi- or triantennary complex type structures. During its intracellular transport, Tg is also submitted to other post-translational modifications such as sulfation, phosphorylation, and iodination. During the past few years, numerous studies have focused on the mechanisms and the location of thyroid hormone synthesis (4) . It is generally accepted that the follicular lumen is the main site of Tg iodination, although it may also take place during the intracellular transport(5) . Tg is iodinated, and hormone synthesis occurs in presence of thyroid peroxidase and the H(2)O(2) generating system. Lastly, hormone secretion requires that hormone-containing Tg be reabsorbed from the colloid by endocytosis and then degraded in the lysosomes. The hormones are finally released into the venous flow. In the intracellular movements of Tg, the physiological role of glycosylation is not fully understood. It has been demonstrated that in thyroid cell cultures, exocytosis of Tg is suppressed if glycosylation is totally inhibited by tunicamycin(6, 7) . It has also been proposed that sialylation of Tg may operate as an export signal because certain thyroid pathologies in which sialyltransferases are lacking are associated with a defect in Tg secretion(8) . However, in primocultures of porcine thyroid cells, inhibition of the formation of sialyllactosaminyl structures does not impair Tg secretion(9) . On the other hand, thyrocytes contain GlcNAc receptors (10) that recycle the GlcNAc-bearing Tg back to the colloid and prevent these molecules from lysosomal degradation(11) . Taken together, the data point to a major role of glycoconjugates in routing Tg to the cellular compartments where iodination and hormone synthesis occur. In contrast, there have been no reports about a direct role of N-glycans in thyroid hormone synthesis.

A major difficulty in studying Tg is its large size, which precludes detailed analysis of the various domains in terms of structure-activity relationship. To circumvent this problem, we focused on the N-terminal domain (NTD) of Tg. Previously, we had separated NTD from the peptides obtained after CNBr treatment of Tg(12) . NTD (Asn^1-Met, N-glycans at Asn and Asn) was cleaved at Met, and a disulfide bond linked this peptide with Glu-Met. The apparent molecular weight of NTD varies according to the number of oligosaccharide side chains, which are known to be structurally heterogeneous(13) . Note that NTD was able to form T4 in vitro after iodination and coupling of the acceptor residue (Tyr^5) with the donor residue (Tyr)(14) . This indicated that NTD maintained most of its three-dimensional conformation, which was further demonstrated by surface epitope mapping(15) . NTD thus offered an interesting opportunity to determine the role of N-glycans in the hormone synthesis process.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Human Thyroglobulin Preparations

Tg was purified as described previously (16) from a single colloid goiter (PI-Tg) and from the thyroid of a patient with Graves' disease (T4-Tg). PI-Tg was poorly iodinated (2.8 atoms of iodine/mol, traces of T3, 10 mmol T4/mol), whereas T4-Tg was more iodinated and contained a significant level of hormone residues (6.0 atoms of iodine/mol, 85 mmol T3/mol, 420 mmol T4/mol). From PI-Tg we derived two other Tg preparations. The first one (PI-Tg-I) had a high iodine content and only traces of hormones (15 atoms of iodine/mol, traces of T3, 82 mmol T4/mol). It was obtained as follows. PI-Tg (1 µmol), dissolved in 100 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2, was incubated at 37 °C with 60 µmol KI, 5 mg of lactoperoxidase (Boehringer Mannheim) and an H(2)O(2) generating system (glucose (10 mg/ml), glucose oxidase (25 µg/ml)). After 15 s of incubation, the reaction was stopped by adding 0.1 M sodium hyposulfite, and the excess of iodine was eliminated by extensive dialysis against redistilled water. The second one (PI-Tg-T4: 12 atoms of iodine/mol, 200 mmol T3/mol, 920 mmol T4/mol) was obtained from the same poorly iodinated PI-Tg by using a lower iodine concentration (20 µmol) and a longer incubation time (20 min) according to the method described above.

Preparation of the NTD of Tg

Native Tg (PI-Tg and T4-Tg) and Tg obtained by in vitro iodination (PI-Tg-I) and coupling (PI-Tg-T4) were treated by cyanogen bromide. The NTDs were separated by chromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column in 1 M propionic acid(12) . This yielded four types of NTD as summarized in Fig. 1(A and B): PI-NTD and T4-NTD corresponding to the NTD of PI-Tg and T4-Tg, respectively, and then PI-NTD-I and PI-NTD-T4 corresponding to the NTD from PI-Tg-I and PI-Tg-T4, respectively.

Figure 1: Flow chart of the preparation of various NTDs.


Two other types of NTDs were prepared from PI-NTD (Fig. 1C) after desialylation (PI-NTD-dS) or deglycosylation (PI-NTD-dG) as described below. In vitro iodination and coupling of PI-NTD, PI-NTD-dS, and PI-NTD-dG were performed according to Marriq et al.(14) .

ConA-Sepharose Chromatography

Each type of NTD of Tg and the ^3H-labeled oligosaccharide structures were submitted to affinity chromatography on ConA-Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia) at room temperature. The column (1 times 10 cm) was equilibrated with 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4 buffer containing 1 mM CaCl(2), 1 mM MgCl(2), and 100 mM NaCl. Elution was carried out first with equilibration buffer and then successively with 10 mM alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside and 300 mM alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside in the same buffer. The fractions obtained were pooled and lyophilized. Two successive gel filtrations on a Bio-Gel P-2 column (1.5 times 50 cm) were performed to remove the sugars and salts, and then the fractions were lyophilized.

RCA-Sepharose Chromatography

A column containing 1 ml of RCA agarose (Sigma) was equilibrated in the same buffer as the one used for ConA-Sepharose chromatography. Elution of the different preparations of the asialo-peptides or asialo-^3H-labeled oligosaccharide structures was performed with the equilibration buffer and then with the same buffer containing 0.2 M lactose.

Preparation of^3H-labeled Oligosaccharide Structures Borne by the NTDs

The different isoforms of the NTDs obtained by ConA-Sepharose chromatography were hydrazinolyzed and tritium-labeled according to Takasaki et al.(17) . The peptides were heated with anhydrous hydrazine (Sigma) in a sealed tube at 100 °C for 12 h. The residues, devoid of hydrazine by repeated evaporation with toluene, were N-acetylated by adding excess acetic anhydride. The mixture was applied to a column (1 times 5 cm) of Bio-Rad AG 50W (H form) and then washed thoroughly with distilled water. The eluate was lyophilized and chromatographed on paper by using butanol/ethanol/water (4:1:1) for 48 h to separate oligosaccharide from polypeptide moieties. The oligosaccharides larger than trisaccharides stay at the origin and are later eluted from the paper with distilled water. After evaporation, the residue was desalted on a Bio-Gel P-2 column (1.5 times 50 cm). The fractions with neutral sugars were detected by sulfuric acid orcinol reaction. After reduction by NaB[^3H](4), the ^3H-labeled oligosaccharides were separated from contaminants by paper chromatography for 48 h with ethyl acetate/pyridine/acetic acid/water (5:5:1:3). For the isoforms not retained on the ConA-Sepharose column, complete purification was performed by chromatography of the asialo-oligosacharide structures on RCA-Sepharose as described above.

Enzyme Treatments

Peptide PI-NTD (300 µg) was deglycosylated by 1.5 units of peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase (EC 3.5.1.52) (Boehringer Mannheim) in 400 µl of 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.5, containing 10 mM Na(2)-EDTA according to Hirani et al.(38) . Incubation was performed at 37 °C and stopped after 1 or 24 h by heating at 100 °C for 3 min. Each sample was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

The NTDs and ^3H-labeled oligosaccharide structures were desialylated by 20 milliunits of neuraminidase (sialidase from Vibrio cholerae; Boehringer Mannheim). After incubation at 37 °C overnight in 100 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.5, containing 100 mM CaCl2, samples were heated at 100 °C for 3 min. Each of the asialo-peptides or asialo-oligosaccharide structures was further chromatographed on a RCA-Sepharose column.

Tryptic hydrolysis of the PI-NTD-dG was performed with trypsin-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (Worthington, Freehold, NJ) in 0.1 M ammonium bicarbonate for 4 h at 37 °C with a 1:25 (w/w) enzyme/substrate ratio after reduction and S-carboxymethylation of the peptide according to Crestfield et al.(18) . The hydrolysate was fractionated on a Bio-Gel P-30 column (1.0 times 70 cm) in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate.

Hormone Residue Analysis

After digestion with protease type XXI and leucine aminopeptidase (Boehringer Mannheim) according to Rolland et al.(19) , hormone residue analysis was carried out with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) by using a solid antigen procedure. The RIA sensitivity was 5 pM. Cross-reactivity of the antibody was 0.8% for T3, 1% for L-3,3`,5`-triiodothyronine, <0.01% for L-3,5-diiodothyronine, 0.01% for diiodotyrosine, and <0.01% for monoiodotyrosine. No cross-reactivity was observed with L-tyrosine.

Other Procedures

Amino acid analysis was performed with a PicoTag system (Waters Millipore, Milford, MA) after hydrolyzing of the samples under vacuum in 6 N HCl at 110 °C for 24 h. Neutral sugars were detected by sulfuric acid orcinol reaction(20) .

SDS-PAGE was performed, without reduction of the samples using a 10 or 15% acrylamide and 1% SDS gel system. Protein bands were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Immunoblotting was performed with a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against T4 residues(15) . The second reagent was peroxidase-conjugated goat antimouse antibody (diluted 1:1000). Detection was performed with 4-chloro-1-naphthol as substrate. The scanning surfaces of the different isoforms identified by SDS-PAGE or by immunoblotting were obtained with a Microtech MSF-300GS. Finally densitometry analysis was performed with the NIH Image 1.47 software.

RESULTS

ConA Affinity Chromatography and Characterization of NTD Isoforms

Starting with poorly iodinated Tg (PI-Tg) and T4-bearing Tg (T4-Tg), we obtained two preparations of the Tg N-terminal domain, PI-NTD and T4-NTD, respectively, by CNBr treatment and Sephadex G-200 fractionation (see ``Experimental Procedures'' and Fig. 1A). Both preparations were fractionated by affinity chromatography on a ConA-Sepharose column and further characterized with regard to oligosaccharide structure and molecular weight.

The ConA affinity chromatography elution profiles showed that both PI-NTD and T4-NTD separated into three fractions (Fig. 2, A and B). The nonretained (NR) fractions contained the NTD isoforms unable to bind to ConA. The isoforms of the weakly retained (WR) fractions bound to ConA and were eluted with 10 mM alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside. The firmly retained (FR) isoforms also bound to ConA but were eluted with 300 mM alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside. The elution profiles of PI-NTD and T4-NTD were nearly identical, but the relative distribution of isoforms in the three fractions differed slightly. The relative content of the NR fraction was 2-fold lower for PI-NTD than for T4-NTD (4.9 ± 1.2% and 11.9 ± 2.4%, respectively). Conversely, the relative content of the WR fraction was higher for PI-NTD than for T4-NTD (41.7 ± 4.6% and 35.0 ± 3.8%, respectively). Finally, the FR fractions of PI-NTD and T4-NTD did not significantly differ (53.4 ± 4.8% and 54.1 ± 6.2%, respectively).

Figure 2: ConA-Sepharose chromatography of PI-NTD (A) and T4-NTD (B). 3 mg of each type of NTD was chromatographed on a ConA-Sepharose column (1 times 7 cm) with the equilibration buffer and then successively with 10 mM alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (alphaMG, first arrow) and 300 mM alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside (alphaMM, second arrow). Flow rate, 10 ml/h. Fractions of 1 ml were collected, and protein absorbance was monitored at 210 nm. The insets show SDS-PAGE with 15% acrylamide for PI-NTD (A) and 10% acrylamide for T4-NTD (B). Lanes 1 are the material prior to chromatography, lanes 2 are the nonretained fractions, lanes 3 are the weakly retained fraction, lanes 4 are the firmly retained fractions, and lanes 5 are low molecular weight standards (Bio-Rad). Proteins were detected by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining.


The fractions obtained by ConA affinity chromatography of PI-NTD and T4-NTD preparations were labeled with tritium and analyzed for ^3H-labeled oligosaccharide side chains. As expected (Table 1), both NR fractions presented only triantennary complex type structure. The WR fractions contained both types of complex structures; the amount of biantennary was over 50%. This indicated that all WR isoforms presented at least one biantennary structure, which reflected the weak binding of these isoforms to ConA. On the other hand, PI-NTD and T4-NTD differed in their relative amounts of triantennary oligosaccharide side chains (46 and 25%, respectively). All the isoforms bearing high mannose type structures were found in the FR fraction, which was anticipated from ConA elution conditions. High mannose type side chains of each NTD may or may not be associated with bi- or triantennary structures. It is noteworthy that PI-NTD contained less high mannose type structure (62%) than T4-NTD did (71%). The difference can be explained by the higher amount of triantennary complex type oligosaccharides (15 and 8% for PI-NTD and T4-NTD, respectively). Taking this into account, we then calculated the overall percentage of different N-glycan structures (Table 2).

Electrophoresis study of the three fractions obtained by ConA affinity chromatography showed (Fig. 2, A and B, insets) that the NR isoforms were consistently separated into two bands (lanes 2): one migrating in the 25-kDa region and the second one in the 19-kDa region. WR isoforms migrated in only one band in the 25-kDa region (lanes 3). FR isoforms showed two bands: one band in the 25-kDa region, as already observed with NR and WR isoforms, and one band in the 22-kDa region.

Taken together, these results pointed to a rather large heterogeneity of NTD isoforms. Considering that the molecular weight of NTD, deduced from its amino acid composition, was 18,000, variations in the molecular weight of NTD isoforms may be accounted for by differences in the number of oligosaccharide side chains. On the basis of the conditions of elution of ConA affinity chromatography, the data gathered by analysis of the carbohydrate structure, and the molecular weight of each isoform, we reasoned that the FR fractions contained isoforms with at least one high mannose type structure associated or not with any of the three carbohydrate structures identified. FR fractions would therefore contain four NTD isoforms: high mannose type/high mannose type, high mannose type/biantennary complex type, high mannose type/triantennary complex type, and high mannose type/O. The first three isoforms migrated in the 25-kDa region, whereas the fourth isoform migrated in the 22-kDa region. Effectively, such bands were observed. The same reasoning would apply to the other fractions. The WR fractions were thus considered to contain two 25-kDa isoforms (biantennary complex type/biantennary complex type and biantennary complex type/tri-antennary complex type), and the NR fraction as containing one 25-kDa isoform (triantennary complex type/triantennary complex type). Moreover, the presence of a peptide migrating in the 19-kDa region of the NR fraction suggested that unglycosylated NTD might be present. Accordingly we further separated the NR fraction and characterized the 19-kDa NTD peptide.

Purification by RCAAffinity Chromatography and Characterization of the 19-kDa Isoform

To purify the 19-kDa isoform, we reasoned that the NTD fractions unable to bind to ConA (NR fractions) contained, apart from unglycosylated NTD, only one type of isoform bearing two triantennary side chains with galactose at the ultimate or penultimate position depending on the absence or presence of sialic acid residues. Because the RCA lectin binds specifically to the beta1,4-linked galactosyl terminal group, the NR fractions were treated by sialidase and thereafter put on a column of RCA-Sepharose. The column was washed with the starting buffer, which eluted the unglycosylated NTD. The bound fraction, which was NTD with asialo-triantennary structures, was eluted secondarily with the starting buffer containing 0.2 M lactose (Fig. 3, A and B). In the case of PI-NTD, most of the NR isoforms were not retained on the column (81.1 ± 7.8%, Fig. 3A). This strongly differed from the result observed with T4-NTD, where only 28.1 ± 7.8% was not retained on the column (Fig. 3B). After extensive dialysis, analysis of neutral sugar in the RCA nonretained fraction confirmed the absence of oligosaccharide on the 19-kDa isoform. Amino acid analysis (data not shown) further confirmed that the 19-kDa isoform was effectively the unglycosylated N-terminal peptide of Tg.

Figure 3: RCA-Sepharose chromatography of the asialo-NR fractions. The fractions nonretained on ConA-Sepharose from PI-NTD (A) and T4-NTD (B) were desialylated and then chromatographed on a RCA-Sepharose column (0.5 times 3 cm) with the equilibration buffer and then with the same buffer containing 200 mM lactose (Lac, arrow). Flow rate, 5 ml/h. Fractions of 0.5 ml were collected, and protein absorbance was monitored at 210 nm. The insets show SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide). Lanes 1, material prior to chromatography; lanes 2, the material nonretained on RCA, lanes 3, material retained on RCA.


Analysis of Hormone Residues in NTD Fractions

The T4 content of the various NTD fractions obtained by ConA and RCA affinity chromatography was measured by a specific RIA with an anti-T4 monoclonal antibody. As shown in Table 3, the fractions derived from PI-NTD presented very few T4 residues; most were present in the FR fraction containing the isoforms with at least one high mannose type structure. The unglycosylated isoform did not have a detectable level of T4. In the T4-NTD fractions, T4 residues were also not detected in the unglycosylated isoform. The amounts of T4 residues in the other isoform preparations were similar for the NR and WR fractions containing complex type oligosaccharide structures (32.4 ± 5.8 and 38.3 ± 6 mmol T4/mol peptide, respectively) and far higher for the FR fractions containing at least one high mannose type structure (119 ± 4.8 mmol T4/mol peptide).

Western blot analysis with an anti-T4 monoclonal antibody was performed on the initial preparation and the ConA affinity fractions of T4-NTD. As shown in Fig. 4, most of the T4 residues were detected in the 25-kDa region whatever the sample analyzed (lanes 1-4). T4 residues, however, were also detected in the 22-kDa bands in the initial preparation of T4-NTD (lane 1) and its FR fraction (lane 4). Once again, no T4 residues were observed in the 19-kDa region of the initial preparation (lane 1) and the NR fraction (lane 2).

Figure 4: Immunoblotting of T4-NTD and of the different fractions separated by ConA-Sepharose chromatography. Separation was performed on SDS-PAGE (10% acrylamide) under nonreducing conditions and then transfer to polyvinylidene difluoride. Immunoblot detection was probed with anti-T4 monoclonal antibody as described inder ``Experimental Procedures.'' Gels were calibrated with Rainbow(TM) low molecular weight markers (Amersham Corp.). Lane 1, T4-NTD, lane 2, NR fraction; lane 3, WR fraction; lane 4, FR fraction.


Taken together, our results showed the absence of T4 residues in the unglycosylated isoform and, equally intriguing, the higher amount of T4 residues in isoforms bearing at least one high mannose side chain than in those with only complex type oligosaccharide structure. To gain insight into the relationship between the presence of high mannose type side chain and the amount of T4 residues, we conducted experiments aimed at measuring T4 residues in the three different isoforms present in the FR fraction.

Analysis of Hormone Residues in the NTD Isoforms Bearing High Mannose Type Structure

The NTD isoforms present in the FR fractions could belong to three different species depending on the oligosaccharide structure(s) borne: only one high mannose type structure (22-kDa isoform), one high mannose type structure associated with a complex type structure, and finally two high mannose type structures. To study the hormone content of the three forms, we used the strategy for the purification and characterization of the unglycosylated NTD isoform. FR fractions obtained by ConA affinity chromatography were treated by sialidase and further submitted to RCA affinity chromatography. The peptides bearing one or two high mannose type structures and no complex type structure were not retained on the column. Conversely, the peptides bearing one asialo-complex type structure associated with one high mannose type structure bound to the column and were eluted with 0.2 M lactose. This fraction amounts roughly to 40% of the material put on the column (data not shown).

RIA of the T4 residues showed that the first fraction exclusively comprising isoforms with high mannose type structure contained 85 mmol T4/mol peptide. The second fraction with isoforms bearing mixed oligosaccharide structures (high mannose type associated with complex type structure) contained 64 mmolT4/mol peptide.

Western blot analysis of RCA nonretained and retained fractions was performed with a monoclonal antibody to T4. It showed that T4 residues were present in the three isoforms (Fig. 5) and that T4 residues were present mostly in isoforms containing only high mannose side chains (Fig. 5, lane 1).

Figure 5: Immunoblotting of the three isoforms present in the FR fraction of the T4-NTD. The FR fraction obtained after ConA-Sepharose chromatography of the T4-NTD was desialylated and then chromatographed on a RCA-Sepharose column. Isoforms bearing only high mannose type (lane 1) and the isoforms bearing high mannose type associated with a bi- or triantennary complex type (lane 2) were analyzed by immunoblotting as described in the legend of the Fig. 4.


These results further pointed to a tight relationship between the glycosylation of NTD isoforms and their hormone contents. Unglycosylated NTD did not present hormone, whereas glycosylated NTD did; T4 content was the highest in NTD isoforms with only one or two high mannose type structures and lower those with one or two complex type structures. We thus studied in vitro T4 formation by NTD isoforms to assess the direct involvement of N-glycans borne by NTD.

T4 Content of NTD Isoforms after in Vitro Iodination and Iodotyrosine Coupling of Tg

Poorly iodinated Tg was submitted to in vitro iodination of tyrosine residues, yielding Tg with uncoupled iodotyrosine residues (PI-Tg-I). This Tg preparation then underwent iodotyrosine coupling to form T4 (PI-Tg-T4). After CNBr treatment, separation of PI-Tg-I and PI-Tg-T4 fragments provided two NTD preparations (PI-NTD-I and PI-NTD-T4, respectively; see ``Experimental Procedures'' and Fig. 1B). Both NTD preparations were separated by ConA affinity chromatography into three fractions, NR, WR, and FR, as aforementioned. The NR fraction was further treated by sialidase and fractionated by RCA affinity chromatography, yielding the unglycosylated isoform and the 25-kDa isoform bearing two triantennary complex type oligosaccharide side chains. As expected, the relative distribution of the various isoforms was similar for PI-NTD-I and PI-NTD-T4 (Table 4), and it was the same as that previously obtained with PI-NTD prepared from PI-Tg (Fig. 1B). All fractions were assayed for T4 residues. As shown in Table 4, iodinated but uncoupled PI-Tg yielded a PI-NTD-I preparation with few T4 residues (8.0 ± 2.1 mmol/mol), which is slightly but not significantly higher than those observed with untreated Tg (4.5 ± 3.1 mmol/mol). Iodotyrosine coupling of Tg strikingly increased the amount of T4 residues in PI-NTD-T4 (145.8 ± 9.3 mmol/mol). Detailed analysis of the fractions obtained from both NTD preparations showed that the unglycosylated isoforms did not contain a detectable amount of T4 residues. The greatest amount of T4 was found in the FR fractions containing NTD peptides with high mannose type structures. The other fractions contained fewer T4 residues, and none were found in the NR fraction derived from PI-NTD-I.

The results gathered after in vitro iodination and coupling of Tg were close to those observed with Tg iodinated and coupled in vivo. Also, they showed that unglycosylated NTD was unable to form hormones and that NTD with high mannose type structure would be the best substrate for T4 synthesis. To confirm these results we devised experiments with purified NTD isoforms.

T4 Content of NTD Isoforms Iodinated and Coupled in Vitro

NTD was obtained from poorly iodinated Tg (PI-Tg) by CNBr treatment and gel filtration and further treated or not with sialidase or peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase (see ``Experimental Procedures'' and Fig. 1C). The native peptide (PI-NTD), its desialylated form (PI-NTD-dS), and its deglycosylated form (PI-NTD-dG) were submitted to iodination and coupling to form T4 (Fig. 1C). Assays of T4 residues showed that the native (PI-NTD) and desialylated peptides (PI-NTD-dS) provided the same amount of T4 residues (Table 5). The NTD preparation treated by peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase (PI-NTD-dG) showed 50% fewer T4 residues (Table 5) and not a complete disappearance of hormone synthesis as expected from the already observed absence of T4 in 19-kDa unglycosylated NTD peptides. Understanding of this discrepancy stemmed from the SDS-PAGE analysis of the kinetics of deglycosylation of PI-NTD (Fig. 6A). After 1 h of incubation with the glycosidase, the PI-NTD preparation was separated into a major band of 25 kDa and a minor one of 22 kDa. After 24 h of incubation, the 25-kDa band was no longer visible, and the preparation resolved into one band of 22 kDa and one of 19 kDa. Densitometry of the bands showed that the material was equally distributed in the two bands (52 and 48% for the 22- and the 19-kDa bands, respectively). This indicated that only half of the peptide was completely deglycosylated. Effectively, analysis of the neutral sugar remaining in the NTD preparation after 24 h of incubation showed that about 30% of the total sugar stayed linked to the peptide. The observation that part of the peptide preparation remained glycosylated accounted for the presence of T4 after iodination and coupling. The 50% decrease in the amount of T4 correlated well with the results showing that half of the peptide was the unglycosylated peptide unable to participate in hormone formation, as was confirmed by immunoblotting (Fig. 6B).

Figure 6: Effect of peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase on the PI-NTD. PI-NTD was incubated at 37 °C with 1.5 units of peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase for 1 and 24 h. After 1 h of incubation, SDS-PAGE (A) identified two bands corresponding to molecular masses of 25 and 22 kDa, respectively (lane 1). After 24 h of incubation, the PI-NTD was identified as peptides of 22 and 19 kDa, respectively (lane 2). Proteins were detected by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. PI-NTD submitted to deglycosylation for 1 (lane 1) or 24 h (lane 2) was iodinated, coupled in vitro, and then analyzed by immunoblotting (B) with an anti-T4 monoclonal antibody as described under ``Experimental Procedures.''


These results confirmed that unglycosylated NTD was unable to form thyroid hormone. They also provided direct evidence for thyroid hormone synthesis in the presence of only one oligosaccharide side chain. Note that T4 formation was equally efficient in the presence of one or two chains, desialylated or not. This alluded to a conformational role of the oligosaccharides in thyroid hormone synthesis.

Localization of the Oligosaccharide Side Chain Resistant to Peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine Amidase

The observation that one of the two oligosaccharide side chains resisted peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase prompted us to identify the Asn bearing this chain. After 24 h of incubation with peptide-N^4-(acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase, the PI-NTD-dG peptide was reduced, S-carboxymethylated, and then digested with trypsin. The tryptic fragments were separated by chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-30 column (Fig. 7). Neutral sugars were observed only in fraction II, which, according to a previous study(13) , contains the peptide Gln-Met including Asn. We found the peptide containing Asn, the other site of glycoslation of NTD, in peaks III and IV (Fig. 7). Fraction II, submitted to ConA affinity chromatography, segregated into three fractions: 33% NR isoforms with triantennary complex structures, 4% WR isoforms with bi- and triantennary structures, and 63% isoforms with high mannose type structure. It thus appeared that Asn bore mainly high mannose type structures, which further confirmed that NTD with high mannose type oligosaccharide structure was an effective substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis.

Figure 7: Bio-Gel P-30 elution profile of the tryptic digest of NTD. About 2 mg of NTD was reduced, alkylated, and hydrolyzed by trypsin at 37 °C for 4 h. The hydrolysate was applied on a Bio-Gel P-30 column (1.0 times 70 cm) and eluted in 50 mM NH(4)CO(3). Flow rate, 8 ml/h. Fractions of 0.8 ml were collected. Protein absorbance was monitored at 210 nm. Fractions I, II, III, and IV were pooled, as indicated by the arrows, then concentrated, and desalted on a Bio-Gel P-2 column before lyophilization.


DISCUSSION

Most proteins and peptides are efficient substrates for tyrosine iodination. Tg is unique in that its iodotyrosine coupling leads to thyroid hormone formation, a process that does not occur at random(1) . Among the numerous tyrosines of Tg that can be iodinated, only a few are involved in hormone synthesis. The strict specificity of the four hormone-forming sites obviously requires not only consensus sequences (21) but also stringent spatial organization of the Tg molecule. In turn, the three-dimensional structure of Tg is modified during the process of tyrosine iodination and tyrosine coupling(22) . Moreover, it has been demonstrated that glycosylation of Tg was also able to modify the conformational structure of this molecule (see below). Consequently the tight relationship between the structure of Tg and its unique ability to form hormones could point to a direct role of Tg oligosaccharide moieties in hormone synthesis. Up to now, this had not been confirmed. Confirmation was offered by the observation that the N-terminal part of Tg presents up to two N-linked oligosaccharide side chains and that it is able to form T4 in vitro after being separated from the core molecule(14) .

CNBr treatment and separation of the fragments of Tg and then lectin affinity chromatography of NTD provided several isoforms that differed in molecular weight and oligosaccharide composition. The oligosaccharide side chains contained three structures: biantennary and triantennary complex types as well as high mannose type structures. The peptides migrating in the 25-kDa regions all brought two oligosaccharide side chains, but they differed in chain structure. Six 25-kDa isoforms were identified depending on the combination of the three different types of oligosaccharide structures present on the two available glycosylation sites. Conversely, the 19-kDa isoform was shown to be the unglycosylated NTD isoform. Regarding the 22-kDa form, which brings only one oligosaccharide side chain, one would have expected to find three isoforms presenting high mannose, biantennary, or triantennary structure; only the 22-kDa form with one high mannose type structure was detected. These data are in general agreement with our previous results on the heterogeneity of glycosylation in this part of the human Tg molecule(13) . They, however, are at variance with those of Rawitch et al.(23) , who reported that high mannose type structures were limited to the C terminus in bovine Tg. The present study clearly demonstrates the existence of totally (19 kDa) or partially (22 kDa) unglycosylated isoforms. Furthermore, it provides evidence that NTD isoforms may bring only high mannose type structures, one for the 22-kDa form and two for the 25-kDa form. The presence of such isoforms was not expected because Tg prepared from human goiters issues mainly if not totally from the follicular lumen, which is expected to contain mature molecules. Indeed, it is generally accepted that a secreted protein bears mainly mature complex type structures. The presence of high mannose type structures in a mature protein may be explained by the folding of the protein before it enters the Golgi apparatus.

Many proteins possess one or more Asn-Xaa-Ser or Asn-Xaa-Thr consensus sequences, which are potential sites for N-glycosylation (24) . Glycosylation at some of these sites has been demonstrated to play a role in the structure, function, expression, or stability of glycoproteins(25, 26) . Regarding Tg, N-glycans have been reported to be involved in its intracellular transport and iodination in relationship with recycling after endocytosis and sialylation of the protein(8) . This process was recently explained by the presence of a GlcNAc receptor in the apical membrane and also in the subapical compartments of thyroid epithelial cells(11) . The GlcNAc receptor would play a major role in the processing of internalized Tg molecules bearing GlcNAc and be recycled through the Golgi apparatus via the apical membrane to the colloid. During this transit, Tg molecules would complete their glycosylation of complex type oligosaccharide side chains in the Golgi apparatus and would increase their iodination levels at the apical membrane by contacting thyroperoxidase. Glycosylation has also been shown to be modulated by TSH in cultured thyroid cells(27, 28) . In primary culture of porcine thyroid cells, TSH increased the number of oligosaccharide side chains borne by Tg without modifying the relative distribution of the various types of oligosaccharide structures(29) . In FRTL-5 cells it appeared rather that TSH decreased (30) or increased (31) the number of oligosaccharide side chains. For the latter group, TSH stimulation resulted in the addition of one high mannose type structure at the N-terminal part of Tg and led to maturation of pre-existing high mannose type side chains, forming complex type structures(32) . Discrepancies in the data on cultured thyroid cells may be explained by differences in cultured cells and experimental conditions, notably cell culture media(33) . It has also been observed that Tg obtained from thyroid tissue differed with regard to N-glycosylation from that obtained from cultured cells(34) . Nevertheless, a general consensus might be derived from these and other studies: whatever the effect of TSH or modifications in experimental conditions on the number and composition of oligosaccharide side chains, the tridimensional structure and antigenic properties of Tg molecules changed, which ultimately affects the ability of Tg to form thyroid hormones(35, 36) . This conclusion is in close agreement with ours. The modification in the structure of the N-terminal part of Tg induced by changes in N-glycan structure and number has an important impact on hormone formation at the major site of T4 synthesis: unglycosylated NTD does not form hormone; the presence of a single N-glycan side chain at Asn allows NTD to form T4; as compared with complex type structures, high mannose type structures enhance the ability of NTD to form hormones. Taking into account that TSH may modify N-glycans at the NTD, it appears that TSH may modulate thyroid hormones more directly than we think. Considering the relationship between NTD oligosaccharide structure and its ability to form T4 residues, we speculate that Tg gene abnormality involving the potential glycosylation sites of NTD might induce abnormality in the thyroid status of patients(37) . The present results open a new way to apprehend the physiology and pathology of the thyroid gland. This has been made possible by the ability of the Tg NTD, separated from the core molecule, to form thyroid hormone residues. This stresses the potential interest of molecular dissection in establishing the structure-activity relationship of proteins.

FOOTNOTES

*
This work was supported in part by the Association pour la Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire and presented in a preliminary form at the European Thyroid Association, Vienna, Austria, August 27-September 1, 1994. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore by hereby marked ``advertisement'' in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

§
To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed: Unité 38, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. Tel.: 91-83-43-92; Fax: 91-79-77-74.

Recipient of a doctoral fellowship from the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale.

(^1)
The abbreviations used are: Tg, thyroglobulin; ConA, concanavalin A; RCA, Ricinus communis agglutinin; RIA, radioimmunoassay; NTD, N-terminal domain; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; NR, nonretained; WR, weakly retained; FR, firmly retained; TSH, thyrotropin.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. R. Miquelis for critical reading of the manuscript and Dr. V. Fert for hormone analysis. We thank L. Vinet for technical assistance.

REFERENCES

  1. Lissitzky, S., Torresani, J., Carayon, P., and Amr, S. (1989) in Endocrinology (DeGroot, L. J., ed) 2nd Ed., Vol 1, pp. 512-540, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia
  2. Arima, T., Spiro, M. J., and Spiro, R. G. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 1825-1835 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Spiro, M. J., Spiro, R. G., and Bhoyroo, V. D. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 7668-7674 [Free Full Text]
  4. Ekholm, R., and Bj ö rkman, U. (1990) in The Thyroid Gland: Comprehensive Endocrinology (Greer, M. A., ed) pp. 37-125, Raven Press, Ltd., New York
  5. Kuliawa, R., and Arvan, P. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 4922-4927 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Björkman, U., and Ekholm, R. (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 125, 585-591 [Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Eggo, M. C., and Burrow, G. (1982) Endocrinology 111, 1663-1666 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Grollman, E. F., Doi, S. Q., Weiss, P., Ashwell, G., Wajchenberg, B. L., and Medeiros-Neto, G. (1992) J. Clin. Endocrinol. & Metab. 74, 43-48 [Abstract]
  9. Franc, J. L., Giraud, A., and Lanet, J. (1990) Endocrinology 126, 1464-1470 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Miquelis, R., Alquier, C., and Monsigny, M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15291-15298 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Miquelis, C., Couragest, J., Jacq, A., Blank, O., Perrin, C., and Bastiani, P. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 123, 1695-1706 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Marriq, C., Lejeune, P. J., Venot, N., Rolland, M., and Lissitzky, S. (1986) FEBS Lett. 207, 302-306 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Franc, J. L., Venot, N., and Marriq, C. (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166, 937-944 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  14. Marriq, C., Lejeune, P. J., Venot, N., and Vinet, L. (1991) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 81, 155-164 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Mallet, B., Lejeune, P. J., Ruf, J., Piechaczyk, M., Marriq, C., and Carayon, P. (1992) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 88, 89-95 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  16. Marriq, C., Rolland, M., and Lissitzky, S. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 79, 143-149 [Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  17. Takasaki, S., Mizuochi, T., and Kobata, A. (1982) Anal. Biochem. 162, 485-492
  18. Crestfield, A. M., Moore, S., and Stein, W. H. (1963) J. Biol. Chem. 83, 143-153
  19. Rolland, M. Aquaron, R., and Lissitzky, S. (1970) Anal. Biochem. 33, 307-317 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Winzler, R. J. (1955) Methods Biochem. Anal. 2, 279-311 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  21. Lamas, L., Anderson, P. C., Fox, J. W., and Dunn, J. T. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13541-13545 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Gardas, A. (1991) Autoimmunity 9, 331-336 [Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  23. Rawitch, A. B., Pollock, H. G., and Yang, S. X. (1993) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300, 271-279 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  24. Kornfeld, R., and Kornfeld, S. (1985) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54, 631-664 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  25. Lis, H., and Sharon, N. (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 218, 1-27 [Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  26. Opdenakker, G., Rudd, P. M., Ponting, C. P., and Dwek, R. A. (1993) FASEB J. 7, 1330-1337 [Abstract]
  27. Franc, J. L., Hovsepian, S., Fayet, G., and Bouchilloux, S. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 118, 910-915 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  28. Ronin, C., Fenouillet, E., Hovsepian, S., Fayet, G., and Fournet, B. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7287-7293 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Desruisseau, S., Franc, J. L., Gruffat, D., and Chabaud, O. (1994) Endocrinology 134, 1676-1684 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Grollman, E. F., Saji, M., Shimura, Y., Lau, J. T. Y., and Ashwell, G. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3604-3609 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Di Jeso, B., Liguora, D., Ferranti, P. Marrinacio, M., Aquaviva, R., Formisano, S., and Consiglio, E. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1938-1944 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Di Jeso, B., and Gentile, F. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 1624-1630 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  33. Warren, L., Blithe, D. L., and Cossu G. (1982) J. Cell. Physiol. 113, 17-22 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. Li, E., Gibson, R., and Kornfeld, S. (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 199, 393-399 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  35. Shifrin, S., Consiglio, E., and Kohn, L. D. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3780-3786 [Free Full Text]
  36. Fenouillet, E., Fayet, G., Hovsepian, S., Bahraoui, M., and Ronin, C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15153-15158 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Icri, T., Cochaux, P., Targovnik, H. M., Suzuki, M., Shimoda, S. I., Perret, J., and Vassart, G. (1991) J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1901-1905
  38. Hirani, S., Bernasconi, R. J., and Rasmussen, J. R. (1987) Anal. Biochem. 162, 485-492 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
©1995 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Conte, A. Arcaro, D. D'Angelo, A. Gnata, G. Mamone, P. Ferranti, S. Formisano, and F. Gentile
A Single Chondroitin 6-Sulfate Oligosaccharide Unit at Ser-2730 of Human Thyroglobulin Enhances Hormone Formation and Limits Proteolytic Accessibility at the Carboxyl Terminus: POTENTIAL INSIGHTS INTO THYROID HOMEOSTASIS AND AUTOIMMUNITY
J. Biol. Chem., August 4, 2006; 281(31): 22200 - 22211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. Duthoit, V. Estienne, F. Delom, J.-M. Durand-Gorde, B. Mallet, P. Carayon, and J. Ruf
Production of Immunoreactive Thyroglobulin C-Terminal Fragments during Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Endocrinology, July 1, 2000; 141(7): 2518 - 2525.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Mezgrhani, H. Mziaut, J. Courageot, R. Oughideni, P. Bastiani, and R. Miquelis
Identification of the Membrane Receptor Binding Domain of Thyroglobulin. INSIGHTS INTO QUALITY CONTROL OF THYROGLOBULIN BIOSYNTHESIS
J. Biol. Chem., September 12, 1997; 272(37): 23340 - 23346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
F. Delom, B. Mallet, P. Carayon, and P.-J. Lejeune
Role of Extracellular Molecular Chaperones in the Folding of Oxidized Proteins. REFOLDING OF COLLOIDAL THYROGLOBULIN BY PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN-BINDING PROTEIN
J. Biol. Chem., June 8, 2001; 276(24): 21337 - 21342.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mallet, B.
Right arrow Articles by Franc, J.-L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mallet, B.
Right arrow Articles by Franc, J.-L.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 1995 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Advertisement
spacer
Advertisement
Advertisement