JBC DNA damage antibodies

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mandiyan, V.
Right arrow Articles by Schlessinger, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mandiyan, V.
Right arrow Articles by Schlessinger, J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Volume 271, Number 9, Issue of March 1, 1996 pp. 4770-4775
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Thermodynamic Studies of SHC Phosphotyrosine Interaction Domain Recognition of the NPXpY Motif (*)

(Received for publication, October 20, 1995; and in revised form, December 19, 1995)

Valsan Mandiyan (§),  ,  Ronan O'Brien(§) (1),  Min Zhou ,  Ben Margolis ,  Mark A. Lemmon (¶),  ,  Julian M. Sturtevant (1),  Joseph Schlessinger

From the Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016 Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
FOOTNOTES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

The N-terminal 200 amino acids of SHC constitute a unique phosphotyrosine (Tyr(P)) interaction (PI) domain that shows no significant sequence similarity to the other Tyr(P)-recognizing module, the SH2 domain. We describe the thermodynamic parameters characterizing PI domain binding to various tyrosyl phosphopeptides, using isothermal titration calorimetry. The PI domain forms 1:1 complexes of similar affinity with a 12-mer peptide (ISLDNPDpYQQDF) derived from Tyr-1148 of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (K = 28 nM) and an 18-mer (LQGHIIENPQpYFSDACVH) derived from Tyr-490 of Trk (K = 42 nM). Binding of the EGFR-derived peptide was largely enthalpy-driven at 25 °C, while Trk490 peptide binding was entropy-driven. Based on the change in heat capacity upon binding, approximately 700 Å^2 of nonpolar surface was estimated to be buried upon interaction. Alteration of the Asn or Pro to Ala in the NPXpY motif of the EGFR Tyr-1148 peptide increased the K of PI domain interactions to 238 and 370 nM, respectively. Alteration of a Leu at position -5 (with respect to Tyr(P)) in the EGFR peptide to Gly also reduced the binding affinity (K = 580 nM). It is proposed that the PI domain recognizes the beta1 turn that is found in NPXpY-containing peptides and also interacts with a larger segment of the peptide than seen for SH2 domains.

INTRODUCTION

SHC, an adapter protein involved in a number of signaling pathways, consists of an N-terminal region and a C-terminal SH2 (^1)domain separated by a region rich in glycine and proline residues. The glycine and proline rich region exhibits sequence similarity to alpha1 collagen and contains a tyrosine phosphorylation site. SHC exists in three different forms of 46, 52, and 66 kDa, which differ from each other at the N-terminal region. The 46- and 56-kDa forms are generated either by alternative splicing or translational initiation, while the origin of the 66-kDa form is not fully understood(1) . Each form of SHC binds to growth factor receptors upon stimulation of cells with various growth factors and rapidly becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine(2, 3, 4) . SHC is also phosphorylated on tyrosine in cells transformed by oncogenic kinases such as v-Src, v-Fps, and Bcr-Abl(5, 6) . One phosphorylation site, that at tyrosine 317 of SHC, forms a Grb2 binding site (pYVNV)(5, 7) . Grb2 is an adapter protein composed entirely of SH2 and SH3 domains(8) . Its SH2 domain interacts with SHC, thus recruiting the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Sos, which is bound to the Grb2 SH3 domains(9, 10, 11, 12, 13) . Binding of Grb2 to activated growth factor receptors via SHC recruits Sos to the membrane surface, where it exchanges GDP for GTP on Ras, leading to its activation. Activated Ras initiates a kinase cascade that relays the signal from the cell surface to the nucleus(14) . Phosphorylation of SHC is also observed upon stimulation of cell-surface receptors for interleukin 2(15) , interleukin 3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and Steel factor(16, 17) , as well as the T cell receptor(18) .

The SH2 domain of SHC binds to proteins that contain phosphotyrosine in the sequence context pYIXL(19, 20) . However, SHC also binds to several signaling targets that lack this recognition sequence. This binding has been shown to be mediated by the N-terminal region of SHC (21, 22, 23, 24) . The N-terminal 200 amino acids of SHC constitute a unique phosphotyrosine interaction domain (PI domain), also termed the phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB domain; (25) ). The PI domain shows no significant sequence similarity with the SH2 domain. It is postulated to recognize phosphotyrosine in the sequence context NPXpY. Data base searches have identified a number of proteins with regions that show significant sequence similarities with the SHC PI domain(26) . The function of these conserved regions is not yet understood.

In an effort to understand the interaction of phosphopeptides with the PI domain, we have overexpressed and purified the SHC PI domain and studied its binding to various peptides using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The interaction of the PI domain with NPXpY-containing phosphopeptides is one of the highest affinity interactions thus far observed in the growth factor induced intracellular signaling process and shows an exquisite dependence on the sequence of the peptides studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Glutathione S-Transferase Fusion Proteins

Fragments of mouse SHC from amino acids 1-209 or 46-209 were generated by polymerase chain reaction and were subcloned in the pGEX-2T expression vector (Pharmacia Biotech Inc.). Escherichia coli PR745 (New England Biolabs) were transformed with the resulting constructs, and expression of the desired fusion proteins was induced using 0.5 mM isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The cells were disrupted by sonication, and glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins were purified by affinity chromatography using glutathione-agarose. Proteins were eluted using 25 mM glutathione in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.6). The SHC fragment corresponding to residues 46-209 was not easily recoverable from glutathione beads and also precipitated during thrombin cleavage.

Purification of the SHC PI Domain

The fusion protein was cleaved using thrombin in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, 0.25 M NaCl, 14 mM beta mercaptoethanol (pH 7.6) using 1 unit of thrombin/mg of fusion protein. The salt concentration of the cleaved products was then adjusted to 1 M ammonium sulfate, and the PI domain was separated from glutathione S-transferase using a phenyl-Superose column. Peak fractions were pooled, concentrated using a Centricon 10 (Amicon), and subsequently gel-filtered on a Superose-12 FPLC column (Pharmacia) in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The SHC PI domain was finally separated on a Mono-S column and eluted with a salt gradient from 0 to 1 M NaCl. The PI domain eluted at around 0.25 M NaCl. The peak fractions were pooled and dialyzed against 0.1 M Hepes, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol (pH 7.5) for calorimetric analysis. The peptides also were dissolved in the same buffer. The concentration of SHC PI domain was determined spectrophotometrically from the extinction coefficient (1 A = 54 µM). Peptide concentrations were determined gravimetrically.

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry

ITC measurements were performed (27) with an Omega instrument (Microcal, Northampton, MA). All experiments were performed in 0.1 M Hepes, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol (pH 7.5). Titration curves were fit by using the ORIGIN program supplied by the manufacturer. For all experiments, the heat of the dilution for the individual reactions was determined by titration of peptide into the buffer and buffer into protein. The heat of dilution of buffer into PI domain was found to be negligible. The mean of the heats of dilution was subtracted from the raw titration data prior to curve fitting. In all experiments the c value (c = K(B) times [PI domain]) was in the range of 10-1000.

Isothermal titration calorimetry involves the direct measurement of the heat of a reaction, and permits an accurate determination of the enthalpy (DeltaH) associated with the binding of a ligand to a macromolecule(27, 28) . By observing the saturation of the potential binding site from sequential injections, the stoichiometry of the interaction can also be determined with confidence. By fitting the obtained binding data, the binding constant K(B) can be determined, from which the free energy (DeltaG) and entropy change (DeltaS) upon ligand binding can be calculated using the relationship shown by .

R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. These parameters permit more detailed characterization of nature of the binding reaction than is possible from the measurement of binding constants alone(27, 28) .

Peptide Synthesis

An Fmoc-based strategy in conjunction with standard side chain protecting groups was applied for peptide synthesis(29) . Fmoc-L-tyrosine(PO(3)H(2))-OH was used for incorporation of phosphotyrosine. Peptides were purified by ether precipitation and preparative reverse phase HPLC. Analysis of the purified products by mass spectroscopy and analytical HPLC demonstrated homogeneity and sequence accuracy of synthesized peptides.

RESULTS

The PI domain of SHC was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein that was subsequently cleaved with thrombin and purified using a series of chromatographic steps. The protein was more than 95% pure as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (data not shown). The SHC PI domain employed for these studies contains amino acids 1-209 of SHC, with 5 additional amino acids at both the N and C termini.

Identification of the PI Domain Binding Site

Phosphatase protection experiments have shown that the PI domain of SHC protects from dephosphorylation a region of the activated EGF receptor encompassing tyrosine 1148(29) . Phosphopeptides corresponding to this region of EGFR were therefore synthesized, and their ability to compete for PI domain binding to EGFR was analyzed. These studies indicated that a 12-mer phosphopeptide (ISLDNPDpYQQDF) could compete for EGFR binding, while an 8-mer (LDNPDpYQQ) or a 10-mer (SLDNPDpYQQD) from the same region was ineffective(29) . The 12-mer peptide was therefore chosen for all subsequent experiments.

Phosphopeptide Binding to the PI Domain

ITC was used to measure the thermodynamic parameters of PI domain-peptide interactions. A typical binding isotherm using the 12-mer EGFR1148 peptide is shown in Fig. 1A. Binding of this peptide is exothermic at 25 °C (DeltaH = -5.46 kcal mol). From curve fitting of such binding isotherms, it was shown that the stoichiometry of phosphopeptide binding to the PI domain was 1:1 (Fig. 1A). The average binding constant (K(B)) was 3.56 times 10^7M, corresponding to a dissociation constant (K(D)) of 28 nM (K(D)=1/K(B)). The PI domain-phosphopeptide interaction is therefore of higher affinity than found in similar studies of SH2 domain binding to phosphopeptides, where reported K(D) values are in the range of 200 nM to 3 µM(28, 30) : more than 10-fold weaker than the interactions studied here. DeltaG for EGFR1148 peptide binding to the SHC PI domain is -10.3 ± 0.27 kcal mol, and TDeltaS° is 4.84 ± 0.42 kcal mol at 25 °C (Table 1). The relative enthalpic and entropic contributions to the binding energy are rather different from those observed in SH2 domain-phosphopeptide interactions(30) , suggesting a different mode of binding in the two cases.

Figure 1: Typical examples of isothermal titration experiments for the binding of the PI domain to the EGFR1148 peptide (A) and the Trk490 peptide (B). The titration involved 16 15-µl injections of phosphopeptide (concentration) into a solution of purified SHC PI domain (30 µM in A, 20 µM in B) in the calorimeter cell. The points correspond to the change in enthalpy per injection plotted against the molar ratio. The data were fit using a nonlinear least square algorithm within the program ORIGIN (27) .


The SHC PI domain also binds to the nerve growth factor receptor (TrkA), and the site for this binding has been identified as phosphorylated tyrosine 490(31) . The Trk490 peptide that we have synthesized contains 18 amino acids (LQGHIIENPQpYFSDACVH) flanking this tyrosine. ITC studies of PI domain binding by this peptide show that it is endothermic at 25 °C (Fig. 1B), by contrast with the exothermic reaction of the EGFR1148 peptide. Binding of the Trk490 peptide is therefore entropy-driven (DeltaS° = 41.7 cal molK), suggesting that it involves the burial of more hydrophobic surface and/or more significant conformational rearrangements. Curve fitting of the titration curves obtained gave a binding constant of 2.36 times 10^7M or a K(D) of 42 nM (Table 1), similar to the value observed for binding of the EGFR1148 peptide.

Estimation of Buried Surface Area in PI Domain-Peptide Interactions

ITC measurements were carried out at different temperatures in order to calculate the change in heat capacity (DeltaC(p)°) upon PI domain binding to the NPXpY-containing phosphopeptides. A plot of DeltaH versus temperature for binding of the EGFR1148 peptide to the PI domain was linear up to a temperature of 25 °C, beyond which it deviated from linearity (Fig. 2A), most probably because of peptide unfolding. (Measurements using differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the PI domain unfolds at a temperature significantly higher than 25 °C (data not shown).) Measurements carried out above 25 °C were therefore not included in fitting of the linear plot by least-squares methods. The slope of the line below 25 °C gives an estimate of the change in heat capacity (DeltaC(p)°), which was -185 cal molK and -207 cal molK for the EGFR1148 and Trk490 peptides, respectively (Fig. 2, A and B). These large negative DeltaC(p)° values are indicative of specific recognition events.

Figure 2: Effect of temperature on DeltaH for binding of the SHC PI domain ito the EGFR1148 peptide (A) and Trk490 peptide (B). Titrations were performed as described in Fig. 1at various temperatures. The concentration of the PI domain was 30 µM (Fig. 2A) and 40 µM (Fig. 2B). The line was fit for values below 25 °C (see text). The resulting DeltaC(p)° values for the EGFR1148 peptide and Trk490 peptide were -185 and -207 cal molK, respectively.


DeltaC(p)° values for a binding event have been correlated with the nonpolar surface area buried upon binding (DeltaA)(32, 33) . DeltaA for binding of the peptides to PI domain can be estimated following this analysis(33) .

The DeltaA estimated for binding of the EGFR1148 peptide to the PI domain is 560-780 Å^2, while that estimated for Trk490 peptide binding is 620-860 Å^2. It should be noted that the correlation between nonpolar surface area buried and the measured DeltaC(p)° has been called into question in other studies(34) . However, for comparing the binding of different peptides to the same protein, this analysis appears to be worthwhile. Binding of both peptides involves the burial of an approximately equal nonpolar surface area of 700 Å^2. The ratio of buried polar surface area (DeltaA(p)) to nonpolar surface area can be approximated as 0.59(32) , indicating that the total surface area buried (DeltaA(p) + DeltaA) upon binding of the EGFR1148 and Trk490 peptides to the SHC PI domain is 1100-1200 Å^2.

Specificity of Peptide-PI Domain Interactions

To investigate the sequence dependence of interaction of the EGFR1148 phosphopeptide with the PI domain, various altered peptides were synthesized and used for calorimetric studies. The results are summarized in Table 1. It should be pointed out that the observed thermodynamic parameters contain information both about the association itself and the conformational changes upon complexation.

Alteration of the NPXpY motif to NAXpY decreased DeltaH of binding from -5.46 ± 0.15 kcal mol to -8.39 ± 0.18 kcal mol (Table 1). This reflects an increase in the number of bonds formed and/or a reduction in those broken upon association of this mutated peptide with the PI domain. The reduction in the value of DeltaS° (1.3 cal mol) suggests that the entropy of the unbound state (free peptide) is increased by this mutation and/or that the entropy of the complex is decreased. The affinity itself is reduced by the Pro Ala change (K(D) is increased from 28 to 370 nM). The observed data can be rationalized in the light of structural studies that indicate that the NPXY motif forms a type I beta-turn(35) . These structural studies also showed that a Pro Ala mutation disrupts the beta turn(35) . The thermodynamic effects of this mutation in the EGFR1148 peptide are precisely those that would be anticipated if the structure of the free peptide were disrupted by the mutation, becoming more ordered upon binding to the PI domain.

Mutation of NPXpY to APXpY also reduced the binding affinity (Table 1) and DeltaH changed from -5.46 ± 0.15 kcal mol in the wild type case to -2.03 ± 0.15 kcal mol in the Asn-1148 Ala peptide. Since DeltaS° is increased by this mutation (Table 1), the Asn Ala mutation is unlikely to lead to significant disordering of the free peptide, unless the bound conformation is a greatly less structured than that of wild-type. We therefore suggest that the Asn side chain is directly involved in stabilizing the peptide-PI domain complex and that the interactions responsible for this are lost in the Asn-1148 Ala peptide.

Change of the Leu at -5 to Gly also significantly weakened binding of the peptide to the PI domain (K(D) = 580 nM). DeltaH for binding of the Leu-1148 Gly peptide to the PI domain is very similar to that for the wild type peptide. However, the entropic advantage of wild type peptide binding (DeltaS° = 16.2 cal molK) is significantly reduced in the case of Leu-1148 Gly (DeltaS° = 7.3 cal molK). This would be true if the number of hydrophobic residues buried upon binding of the peptide to the PI domain is reduced. We therefore suggest that this Leu is involved in hydrophobic interactions with the PI domain and that these are removed by the mutation.

DISCUSSION

From studies reported here as well as from others(21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31) , it is now clear that SHC contains two phosphotyrosine recognition regions: the PI domain (also called the PTB domain; (22) ) at the N terminus and the SH2 domain at the C terminus. The intervening segment between these two domains contains the unique tyrosine phosphorylation site that functions as a binding site for the Grb2 SH2 domain. The SH2 domain of SHC protects phosphotyrosine 1173 of the EGF receptor from dephosphorylation, and the EGFR1173 phosphopeptide was found to compete for SH2 binding to the EGF receptor(20) . Failure of this peptide to bind to the SHC PI domain indicates that the binding specificity of the two domains is different.

The isolated PI domain of SHC protects phosphotyrosine 1148 of the EGF receptor from dephosphorylation(29) . Comparison of the sequence of this site (QISLDNPDpYQQDF) with other receptor kinases that interact with SHC in vivo indicates a common motif of NPXpY(36) . Previous studies have shown that the SH2 domain of SHC does not bind to this sequence(20) . The EGF receptor contains two phosphorylation sites with NPXY sequences, at Tyr-1086 and Tyr-1148(37) . We have recently shown that the SHC PI domain protects only Tyr(P)-1148 from dephosphorylation, and not Tyr(P)-1086(29) . Indeed, the NPXpY sequence alone is not sufficient to form a high affinity binding site for the PI domain. Additional residues are clearly required, since only the 12-mer EGFR1148 peptide (ISLDNPDpYQQDF), and not shorter peptides, could block binding of the PI domain to the EGF receptor. Another phosphopeptide (DNPDpYQQDFFPKEAK), which still contains the NPXpY sequence but lacks 3 amino acids at the N terminus, also failed to bind to the PI domain(29) . These experiments suggest that the SHC PI domain recognizes a larger segment of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides than do SH2 domains. Furthermore, amino acids N-terminal to the phosphotyrosine are critical for binding to the PI domain, while SH2 domains recognize amino acids C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine for high affinity binding(19) . Crystal structures of various SH2 domains with bound peptides have shown that the peptides are bound in extended conformations(38, 39, 40) .

What are the characteristics of the NPXpY motif that are recognized by the SHC PI domain? Structural studies of a nine amino acid peptide that constitutes an internalization sequence in the LDL receptor and include an NPXY motif (CNPVYQKTT) was shown to form a reverse turn in solution(35) . The side chains of the Asn and Tyr were found to be close, with a hydrogen bond between the NH of the Asn and the backbone CO of the Tyr. Indeed, Asn is a strong turn promoter, and being followed by Pro is anticipated to form a beta1 turn(41) . It can therefore be postulated that the NPXpY-containing peptides employed in this study assume similar turn structures. Phosphorylation of the Tyr could alter the structure or stability of this turn, and the altered form might be that recognized by the PI domain. Alternatively, the phosphate and the turn structure may be recognized simultaneously. The inability of the the 8-mer and 10-mer peptides to bind to the PI domain could result in their inability to adopt the turn structure recognized by the PI domain.

Analysis based on changes in heat capacity upon peptide binding to PI domain suggests that around 1100-1200 Å^2 of total surface is buried in the interaction. These values are larger than the approximately 600 Å^2 of surface area shown to be occluded in the crystal structure of the Src SH2 domain bound to a cognate phosphopeptide(38) . However, our value for the buried surface area is only very approximate. Correlations of surface area and DeltaC(p)° are not always reliable(34) . Indeed, measurement of DeltaC(p)° for binding of the Fyn SH2 domain to the same peptide bound to the Src SH2 domain in the crystallographic studies suggested a surface area of around 1600 Å.(^2)^2 Nonetheless, all of these values are in the range observed for buried surface areas in tight complexes(42) .

Alterations in the peptide sequence and analysis of their effect on binding to the PI domain shed some light on the specificity of the interaction. Changing Pro in NPXpY to Ala reduced the binding affinity (K(D) = 370 nM). Structural studies of mutated NPXY peptides from the LDL receptor indicate that the Pro Ala mutation destroys the beta1 turn (35) . The effects of this mutation on the thermodynamics of EGFR1148 peptide binding to the PI domain are consistent with disruption of such a turn structure and the requirement for its reformation upon binding.

Mutation of Asn in NPXpY to Ala also reduced the binding affinity, and we suggest that this is mainly the result of a loss of interactions involving the Asn side chain. Structural studies in the LDL receptor peptide indicate that the beta turn is destroyed on changing Asn to Ala(35) , which would not be consistent with our interpretations. This inconsistency may suggest that the structure adopted by the EGFR1148 peptide is different from that seen in the LDL receptor and is not greatly disrupted by this mutation. Indeed, there are several examples where structures of a similar nature are adopted by sequences that do not have Asn at this position(43, 44) . Mutation to Gly of the Leu at the -5 position with respect to Tyr(P) reduces the affinity of binding. We suggest that this results either from structural alterations or from the loss of hydrophobic interaction (the Leu side chain) with the PI domain. This, together with the analysis of binding by peptides of different lengths, indicates that sequences N-terminal to Tyr(P) are critical for phosphopeptide binding to the PI domain.

We conclude by suggesting that the PI domain binds to peptides that contain turn structures, while SH2 domains have been shown to recognize peptides in extended peptide conformations. The precise nature of the interactions awaits the analysis of the three dimensional structure of the PI domain and the PI domain-phosphopeptide complex. It is interesting that none of the mutations analyzed here reduced the affinity by more than 20-fold. Since several of the mutations would be expected to have a profound effect upon the formation of any defined structure in the peptide, these results suggest that the PI domain simultaneously recognizes several characteristics of the peptide. SHC binding to the EGF receptor in vivo may be mediated through the cooperative interaction of both the PI and SH2 domains with their respective binding sites. In receptors like Trk, which lacks the SH2 binding site, binding of SHC through the PI domain may facilitate the recruitment of other phosphotyrosine-containing proteins via its SH2 domain(31) . Thirteen different potential PI domains have been identified so far in GenBank(TM)(26) . However, it is not clear whether these molecules are involved in growth factor signaling processes. It is possible that PI domain recognizes turn structures in general. Phosphorylation of residues in these turns could enhance binding affinity to the PI domain, and this may have been exploited as a mode of controlled interaction in intracellular signaling.

FOOTNOTES

*
This work was supported in part by Grant GM-04725 from the National Institutes of Health (to J. M. S.) and a grant from Sugen Inc. (to J. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore by hereby marked ``advertisement'' in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

§
These two authors contributed equally.

Marion Abbe Fellow of the Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Foundation (DRG 1243).

(^1)
The abbreviations used are: SH2, Src homology 2; PI, phosphotyrosine interaction; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, EGF receptor; ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; LDL, low density lipoprotein; Fmoc, N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl; Tyr(P) and pY, phosphotyrosine.

(^2)
J. E. Ladbury, personal communication.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Kiki Nelson for peptide synthesis, John Ladbury for valuable discussions and for communication of data prior to publication, and Ivan Dikic for help with figures.

Addendum-The structure of the SHC PI domain complexed with a Trk490 peptide was recently determined(45) . The predictions that the PI domain interacting peptides assume beta turn conformations and that the hydrophobic amino acid at the -5 position is involved in hydrophobic interactions were confirmed in this study(45) .

REFERENCES

  1. Pelicci, G., Lanfrancone, L., Grignani, F., McGlade, J., Cavallo, F., Forni, G., Nicoletti, I., Grignani, F., Pawson, T., and Pelicci, P. G. (1992) Cell 70, 93-104 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  2. Obermeier, A., Lammers, R., Weismuller, K.-H., Jung, G., Schlessinger, J., and Ullrich, A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22963-22966 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Yokote, K., Mori, S., Hansen, K., McGlade, J., Pawson, T., Heldin, C. H., and Claesson-Welsh, L. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15337-15343 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Pronk, G. J., McGlade, J., Pelicci, G., Pawson, T., and Bos, J. L. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5748-5753 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. McGlade, J., Cheng, A., Pelicci. G., Pelicci, P. G., and Pawson, T. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 8869-8873 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Puil, L., Liu, J., Gish, G., Mbamalu, G., Bowtell, D., Pelicci, P. G., Arlinghaus, R., and Pawson, T. (1994) EMBO J. 13, 764-773 [Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Salcini, A. E., McGlade, J., Pelicci, G., Nicoletti, I., Pawson, T., and Pelicci, P. G. (1994) Oncogene 9, 2827-2836 [Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  8. Lowenstein, E. J., Daly, R. J., Batzer, A. G., Li, W., Margolis, B., Lammers, R., Ullrich, A., Skolnik, E. Y., Bar-Sagi, D., and Schlessinger, J. (1992) Cell 70, 431-442 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Li, N., Batzer, A. G., Daly, R., Yajnik, V., Skolnik, E., Chardin, P., Bar-Sagi, D., Margolis, B., and Schlessinger, J. (1993) Nature 363, 88-92 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  10. Buday, L., and Downward, J. (1993) Cell 73, 611-620 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  11. Egan, S. E. B., Giddings, B. W., Brooks, M. W., Buday, L., Sizeland, A. M., and Weinberg, R. A. (1993) Nature 363, 45-51 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  12. Gale, N. W., Kaplan, S., Lowenstein, E., Schlessinger, J., and Bar-Sagi, D. (1993) Nature 363, 88-92
  13. Rozakis-Adcock, M., Fernley, R., Wade, J., Pawson, T., and Bowtell, D. (1993) Nature 363, 83-85 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  14. Schlessinger, J. (1994) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4, 25-30 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Ravichandran, K. S., and Burakoff, S. J. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1599-1602 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Matsuguchi, T., Salgia, R., Hallek, M., Eder, M., Druker, B., Ernst, T. J., and Griffin, J. D. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 5016-5021 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Welham, M. J., Duronio, V., Leslie, K. B., Bowtell, D., and Schrader, J. W. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 21165-21176 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Ravichandran, K. S., Lee, K. K., Songyang, L. C., Cantley, L. C., Burn, P., and Burakoff, S. J. (1993) Science 262, 902-905 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Songyang, Z., Shoelson, S. E., Chaudhuri, M., Gish, G., Pawson, T., Haser, W. G., King, F., Roberts. T., Ratnofsky, S., Lechleider, R. J., Neel, B. G., Birge, R. B., Fajardo, J. E., Chou, M. M., Hanafusa, H., Schaffhausen, B., and Cantley, L. C. (1993) Cell 72, 767-778 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Batzer, A. G., Rotin, D., Urena, J. M., Skolnik, E. Y., and Schlessinger, J. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 5192-5201 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Blaikie, P., Immanuel, D., Wu, J., Li, N., Yajnik, V., and Margolis, B. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32031-32034 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Kavanaugh, W. M., and Williams, L. T. (1994) Science 266, 1862-1865 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. van der Geer, P., Wiley, S., Lai, V. K.-M., Olivier, J. P., Gish, G. D., Stephens, R., Kaplan, D., Shoelson, S., and Pawson, T. (1995) Curr. Biol. 5, 404-412 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  24. Gustafson, T. A., He, W., Craparo, A., Schaub, C. D., and O'Neill, T. J. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2500-2508 [Abstract]
  25. van der Geer, P., and Pawson, T. (1995) Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 277-280 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  26. Bork, P., and Margolis, B. (1995) Cell 80, 693-694 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  27. Wiseman, T., Williston, S., Brandts, J. F., and Lin, L.-N. (1989) Anal. Biochem. 179, 131-137 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  28. Lemmon, M., and Ladbury, J. E. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 5070-5076 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  29. Batzer, A. G., Blaikie, P., Nelson, K., Schlessinger, J., and Margolis, B. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 4403-4409 [Abstract]
  30. Ladbury, J. E., Lemmon, M. A., Zhou, M., Green, J., Botfield, M. C., and Schlessinger, J. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 3199-3203 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Dikic, I., Batzer, A. G., Blaikie, P., Obermeier, A., Ullrich, A., Schlessinger, and Margolis, B. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15125-15129 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Spolar, R. S., and Record, M. T., Jr. (1994) Science 263, 777-784 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Livingston, J. R., Spolar, R. S., and Record, M. T., Jr. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 4237-4244 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. Ladbury, J. E., Wright, J. G., Sturtevant, J. M., and Sigler, P. B. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 238, 669-681 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  35. Bansal, A., and Gierasch, L. M. (1991) Cell 67, 1195-1201 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  36. Campbell, K. S., Ogris, E., Burke, B., Su, W., Auger, K. R., Druker, B. J. Schaffhausen, B. S., Roberts, T. M., and Pallas, D. C. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91, 6344-6348 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Honegger, A. T., Dull, T. J., Bellot, F., Van Obberghen, E., Szapary, D., Schmidt, A., Ullrich, A., and Schlessinger, J. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 3045-3052 [Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  38. Waksman, G., Shoelson, S., Pant, N., Cowburn, D., and Kuriyan, J. (1993) Cell 72, 779-790 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  39. Lee, C.-H., Kominos, D., Jacques, S., Margolis, B., Schlessinger, J., and Kuriyan, J. (1994) Structure 2, 423-438 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Eck, M., Shoelson, S. E., and Harrison, S. C. (1993) Nature 362, 87-91 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  41. Chou, P. Y., and Fasman, D. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115, 135-175 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  42. Janin, J., and Chothia, C. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 16027-16030 [Free Full Text]
  43. Eberle, W., Sander, C., Klaus, W., Schmidt, B., von Figura, K., and Peters, C. (1991) Cell 67, 1203-1209 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  44. Read, R. J., and James, M. N. G. (1988) J. Mol. Biol. 200, 523-551 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  45. Zhou, M.-M., Ravichandran, K. S., Olejneiczak, E. T., Petros, A. M., Meadows, R. P., Sattler, M., Harlan, J. E., Wade, W. S., Burakoff, S. J., and Fesik, S. W. (1995) Nature 378, 584-592 [CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
S. Gelkop, G. D. Gish, Y. Babichev, T. Pawson, and N. Isakov
T Cell Activation-Induced CrkII Binding to the Zap70 Protein Tyrosine Kinase Is Mediated by Lck-Dependent Phosphorylation of Zap70 Tyrosine 315
J. Immunol., December 15, 2005; 175(12): 8123 - 8132.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Protein Sci.Home page
M. Ivancic, A. M. Spuches, E. C. Guth, M. A. Daugherty, D. E. Wilcox, and B. A. Lyons
Backbone nuclear relaxation characteristics and calorimetric investigation of the human Grb7-SH2/erbB2 peptide complex
Protein Sci., June 1, 2005; 14(6): 1556 - 1569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Lipid Res.Home page
A. J. Reese and L. J. Banaszak
Specificity determinants for lipids bound to {beta}-barrel proteins
J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2004; 45(2): 232 - 243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
S. H. Ong, G. R. Guy, Y. R. Hadari, S. Laks, N. Gotoh, J. Schlessinger, and I. Lax
FRS2 Proteins Recruit Intracellular Signaling Pathways by Binding to Diverse Targets on Fibroblast Growth Factor and Nerve Growth Factor Receptors
Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2000; 20(3): 979 - 989.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Farooq, O. Plotnikova, L. Zeng, and M.-M. Zhou
Phosphotyrosine Binding Domains of Shc and Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Recognize the NPXpY Motif in a Thermodynamically Distinct Manner
J. Biol. Chem., March 5, 1999; 274(10): 6114 - 6121.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
G. A. Faiman and A. Horovitz
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Interaction between the 0.5beta Fv Fragment and the RP135 Peptide Antigen Derived from the V3 Loop of HIV-1 gp120
J. Biol. Chem., December 12, 1997; 272(50): 31407 - 31411.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. O. Yoon, S. P. Soltoff, and M. V. Chao
A Dominant Role of the Juxtamembrane Region of the TrkA Nerve Growth Factor Receptor during Neuronal Cell Differentiation
J. Biol. Chem., September 12, 1997; 272(37): 23231 - 23238.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mandiyan, V.
Right arrow Articles by Schlessinger, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mandiyan, V.
Right arrow Articles by Schlessinger, J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 1996 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.