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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 12, 6837-6843, March 20, 1998
From the Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et de Pharmacologie Cellulaires et Moléculaires, INSERM CJF96-01, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France, the Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR CNRS 411, Sophia-Antipolis, France, and the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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ABSTRACT |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
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Mutations in the KvLQT1 gene are the cause of the long QT syndrome 1. KvLQT1 gene product is associated with the regulator protein IsK to produce a component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in cardiac myocytes. We identified an N-terminal truncated isoform of the KvLQT1 gene product, referred to as isoform 2. In RNase protection assays, isoform 2 represented 28.1 ± 0.6% of the total KvLQT1 expression in the human adult ventricle. COS-7 cells injected intranuclearly with KvLQT1 isoform 1 cDNA exhibited a fast-activating K+ current, whereas those injected with a KvLQT1 isoform 1 plus IsK cDNA showed a slow-activating K+ current. Cells injected with KvLQT1 isoform 2 plasmid showed no detectable K+ current. Those injected with a 1/1 isoform 2/isoform 1 ratio showed no detectable K+ current. Those injected with 1/5 and 2/5 ratios showed a K+ current with markedly reduced amplitude. Coexpression of the IsK regulator consistently reduced the dominant negative effects of isoform 2. Our results indicate that KvLQT1 isoform 2 exerts a pronounced negative dominance on isoform 1 channels and that the cardiac KvLQT1 K+ channel complex is composed of at least three different proteins as follows: isoform 1, isoform 2, and IsK.
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INTRODUCTION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
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Mutations in the KvLQT1 gene are the most frequent cause of the congenital long QT syndrome, a familial disorder characterized by prolonged cardiac repolarization, syncope, and a high incidence of sudden death (1). KvLQT1 is also responsible for the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen cardioauditory syndrome in which prolonged cardiac repolarization is associated with bilateral congenital deafness (2). In a recent study, the KvLQT1 gene was found to encompass chromosomal rearrangements associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome which causes prenatal overgrowth and cancer (3). Thus, the same gene at locus 11p15.5 could be implicated in at least three distinct genetic disease entities.
The KvLQT1 gene product is a six-transmembrane domain protein which, in association with a membranous regulator termed IsK (previously known as minK), produces a K+ current with physiological characteristics similar to those of the major component of the delayed rectifier sustained K+ current in cardiac myocytes (4, 5). KvLQT1 expression is not limited to the heart muscle but can also be observed in human pancreas, lung, kidney, inner ear, and placenta (4-6). In autosomal dominant long QT syndrome 1, mutations in KvLQT1 supposedly decrease the amount of K+ current available for repolarization, thereby prolonging the cardiac action potential and inducing arrhythmias. In the recessively inherited Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, bi-allelic mutations in KvLQT1 (2) not only alter cardiac electrophysiology but also inner ear endolymph homeostasis, leading to congenital deafness.
In the present work, we have cloned an N-terminal truncated isoform of the KvLQT1 gene product corresponding to KvLQT1 isoform 2 simultaneously identified by Lee et al. (3) and Yang et al. (7). It was determined that KvLQT1 isoform 2, which is constitutively expressed in adult heart muscle, is a strong dominant negative of KvLQT1 isoform 1. Our results demonstrate that the cardiac K+ channel responsible for the long QT syndrome 1 is a complex protein assembly composed of isoform 1 (the channel pore), isoform 2 (a dominant negative), and IsK (the channel regulator). These findings could have important physiopathological implications.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
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Cloning of KvLQT1 Isoform 2-- To obtain the 5' sequence of KvLQT1, a rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)1 experiment was performed using a Marathon cDNA Amplification kit and Marathon ready cDNA from human adult heart (CLONTECH). Two nested primers (LQTN1, 5' GAT GTA CAG GGT GGT TAT CAG C 3'; and LQTN2, 5' TGA GGT CGA TGA TGG AAA TGG G 3') were derived from the previously published partial KvLQT1 sequence (1), and RACE was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol. The fragment of 320 bp obtained was cloned in pUC 18 using the Sure Clone Ligation kit (Pharmacia Biotech Inc.). Sequencing reactions were subsequently performed on two independent clones using the dideoxy terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing reaction products were analyzed on 4.0% polyacrylamide gels using an ABI-377 automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The sequence of both clones was identical, revealing a start codon 6 bp upstream from the previously published sequence (1).
Molecular Expression of KvLQT1 Isoforms 1 and 2-- Human heart RNA was prepared using left or right ventricular tissues from the explanted heart of a patient with cystic fibrosis. Right atrial appendage biopsies were also obtained during open heart surgery from six patients with coronary heart disease. Tissue samples were quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and total RNA was then isolated separately from each sample using the classical guanidinium isothiocyanate method (8). RNA samples were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis. The lack of degradation of RNA samples was monitored by the observation of appropriate 28 S to 18 S ribosomal RNA ratios as determined by ethidium bromide staining of the agarose gel.
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were performed on total RNA. cDNA was synthesized from approximately 1 µg of RNA. RT-PCR reactions contained 5 mM MgCl2, 1× PCR Buffer II, 1 mM dNTP, 1 unit/µl RNase inhibitor, 2.5 units/µl murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Perkin-Elmer), and 0.75 µM primers in a final volume of 20 µl. Controls without reverse transcriptase were performed to check that amplification did not proceed from residual genomic DNA. cDNA was used for PCR reactions with 2 mM MgCl2, 1× PCR Buffer II, 2.5 units/100 µl AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer), and 0.5 µM primers (Genosys) in a final volume of 100 µl. PCR reactions were performed as follows with a Peltier Thermal Cycler (PTC-200; MJ Research). cDNA was heated to 95 °C for 105 s and then amplified by 40 cycles (95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 30 s) before primer extension at 72 °C for 7 min. Ten microliters of each PCR product were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose NA (Pharmacia) gel, followed by ethidium bromide staining. Sequences of the sense (F1) and antisense (R) oligonucleotide primers for human KvLQT1 isoform 1 are shown in Fig. 1. The sense primer (F2) used for specific detection of human KvLQT1 isoform 2 is also shown in Fig. 1. Sense 5'-TCCTGTCTAACACCACAGCG-3' and antisense 5'-TTCAACGACATAGCACGACC-3' were used for IsK. Sense 5'-GGCATCGTGATGGACTCCG-3' and antisense 5'-GCTGGAAGGTGGACAGCGA-3' were used for human
-actin. The expected
fragment lengths calculated from cDNA sequences were 274, 245, 326, and 615 bp for KvLQT1 isoform 1, isoform 2, IsK, and -actin,
respectively.
Three different cDNAs were used as hybridization probes for RNase
protection assays. The first was a human 274-bp KvLQT1 isoform 1 cDNA corresponding to the 5' 37 nucleotides upstream and 237 nucleotides downstream from the start codon (Fig. 1). This cDNA contains 62 nucleotides specific for isoform 1, which in an RNase protection assay provides a 274-nucleotide isoform 1-specific protected
fragment and a 212-nucleotide protected fragment that hybridizes
non-isoform 1 transcripts. The probe was PCR-cloned from the expression
vector pCI-KvLQT1 (see below) using tailed primers between the
BamHI and HindIII sites of a pBluescript SK vector (Stratagene). The second probe was a human 347-bp KvLQT1 isoform
2 cDNA corresponding to the 5' 27 nucleotides upstream and the 320 nucleotides downstream from the start codon. This cDNA contains 33 nucleotides specific for isoform 2, which in an RNase protection assay
provides a 347-nucleotide isoform 2-specific protected fragment and a
314-nucleotide non-isoform 2 protected fragment. This probe was
subcloned from the expression vector pECE-KvLQT1 between the
HindIII and PstI sites of a pBluescript SK vector
(Stratagene). The third probe was a human 393-bp cDNA corresponding
to the full-length IsK sequence (clone pCMV/HIsK).
Antisense RNA probes were produced using T7, T3, and SP6 polymerases
(Ambion) on linearized KvLQT1 isoform 1, KvLQT1 isoform 2, and IsK
templates, respectively, in the presence of [
-32P]rUTP
(NEN Life Science Products). RNase protection assays were carried out
as described previously (9) using the RPA II Kit (Ambion). For each
tissue source, 15 µg of total RNA were hybridized to 0.5-1 × 105 cpm of the RNA probe. The RNA was run after RNase
digestion on a 5% polyacrylamide, 8 M urea gel. Sense
KvLQT1 isoform 1 RNA was also hybridized and was run on the same gel
for use as a size marker (not illustrated), as well as undigested RNA
probes. Negative controls were run using t-yeast RNA hybridized with
the isoform 1 and isoform 2 probes. Gels were exposed for 48 h at
80 °C on x-ray films (Biomax-MS, Eastman Kodak Co.) with an
intensifying screen. Autoradiograms of RNase protection assays were
subjected to densitometric analysis using the ImageQuant program
(Molecular Dynamics). The ratios of KvLQT1 isoform 1 and KvLQT1 isoform
2 mRNA levels were determined directly from specific signals since respective protected bands were hybridized with the same probe.
Intranuclear Injection of Plasmids-- The kidney-derived COS-7 cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Cells grown on plastic Petri dishes were microinjected with plasmids at day 1 after plating. Our protocol to microinject cultured cells using the Eppendorf ECET microinjector 5246 system has been reported in detail elsewhere (10). Plasmids were diluted at a final concentration of 1-5 µg/ml in a buffer composed (in mM): HEPES 50, NaOH 50, NaCl 40, pH 7.4, supplemented with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 0.5%. Human cardiac KvLQT1 isoform 1 (Ref. 26; GenBankTM accession number AF000571), KvLQT1 isoform 2, as well as IsK cDNAs were subcloned into the mammalian expression vector pCI (Promega, Madison, WI) under the control of a cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter. The KvLQT1 isoform 2 construct was derived from the isoform 1 pCI plasmid using polymerase chain reaction and tailed primers. A green fluorescence protein pCI plasmid (a kind gift from Dr. Rainer Waldmann, Sophia-Antipolis, France) was used as an inert plasmid to ensure that cells were always injected with a constant 15 µg/ml plasmid concentration.
Patch-clamp Recordings--
Whole cell currents were recorded as
described previously (10). A Petri dish containing cells was placed on
the stage of an inverted microscope and continuously superfused with
the standard extracellular solution containing (in mM) NaCl
145, KCl 4, MgCl2 1, CaCl2 1, HEPES 5, glucose
5, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH. Patch pipettes with a tip resistance
2.5-5 M
were electrically connected to a patch-clamp
amplifier (Axon Instruments). The intracellular medium contained (in
mM): potassium gluconate 145, HEPES 5, EGTA 2, 1/2 magnesium gluconate 2 (free Mg2+, 0.1), K2ATP
2, pH 7.2, with KOH, whereas the extracellular medium used to record
pure K+ currents contained (in mM): sodium
gluconate 145, potassium gluconate 4, 1/2 calcium gluconate 7 (free
Ca2+, 1), 1/2 magnesium gluconate 4 (free Mg2+,
1), HEPES 5, glucose 5, pH 7.2 with NaOH. Stimulation, data recording,
and analysis were performed through an A/D converter (Labmaster). A
microperfusion system allowed local application and rapid change of the
different experimental solutions warmed at 37 °C. Patch-clamp
measurements are presented as the mean ± S.E. The statistical
significance of the observed effects was assessed by means of the
standard t test.
Immunocytochemistry and Immunoblotting of Epitope-tagged KvLQT1 Constructs-- The sequence encoding the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) epitope YPYDVPDYA (11) was inserted in frame with the KvLQT1 isoform 1 coding sequence after nucleotide position 654 (see GenBankTM accession number AF000571). This position corresponds to the second external loop of the protein, between serine 218 and lysine 219. pCI-KvLQT1 isoform 1 plasmid was digested with EcoRI and AflIII, and the 716-bp fragment so produced was subcloned into pUC 19 and then digested with BanII and PstI. A sense oligonucleotide containing the tag sequence 5'-TACCCATACGATGTTCCAGATTACGCT-3' was annealed with its reverse oligonucleotide and inserted between BanII and PstI sites. The resulting product was digested with EcoRI and AflIII and subcloned into the pCI-KvLQT1 isoform 1 plasmid. To insert the HA tag into KvLQT1 isoform 2 coding sequence, a PCR reaction was performed using the epitope-tagged KvLQT1 isoform 1 plasmid as a template. Epitope-tagged KvLQT1 plasmids were checked by sequencing. Functional expression of the epitope-tagged plasmids was verified by patch-clamp analysis of transfected cells (data not shown).
For immunoblotting experiments, COS-7 cells cultured in 25-cm2 flasks were transfected with tagged pCI-KvLQT1 plasmids using 22-kDa polyethyleneimine as a polycationic transfection vector. Twenty four hours post-transfection, cells were washed twice with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), incubated with 200 µl of SDS gel-loading buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 100 mM dithiothreitol, 2% SDS, 0.1% bromphenol blue, 10% glycerol), and scraped. The samples were placed in a boiling water bath for 10 min, and the chromosomal DNA was sheared by sonication for 2 min. Samples were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min at room temperature, and the supernatant was used for immunoblotting. Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford assay (bovine serum albumin as a standard). Proteins (15 µg/well) were separated by electrophoresis on 7.5% polyacrylamide gels using the Laemmli system. The separated proteins were electrotransferred to an Immobilon-P polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Sigma). Electroblotting was carried out in a Tris buffer containing 40.7 mM glycine and 20% (v/v) methanol, pH 8.3, at 100 V for 1.5 h. For immunodetection of the proteins, blots were blocked with PBS supplemented with 5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk and 0.1% Tween for 1 h at 37 °C. The monoclonal anti-HA antibody (clone 12CA5, Boehringer Mannheim) was diluted 500-fold in PBS containing 2.5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk and 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 and incubated with the blots for 1 h at room temperature. After primary antibody reaction, the filters were rinsed 5 times with quench buffer and incubated for 1 h at room temperature in a 1:1000 dilution of a biotin-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (Sigma). The blots were then incubated for 30 min with conjugated extravidin peroxidase and finally developed by the enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting system. Biomax-MR Kodak films were used to detect protein in the blot. For immunocytochemistry, transfected COS-7 cells seeded on 12-mm collagen-coated coverslips were washed three times with PBS supplemented with 1 mM Ca2+ and 0.5 mM Mg2+ and incubated with the monoclonal anti-HA antibody diluted 1:10 in PBS, 0.5% ovalbumin for 1 h at 37 °C. Cells were washed three times and incubated for 30 min at room temperature with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Sigma) diluted at 1:25 in PBS, 0.5% ovalbumin. The cells were subsequently washed and then fixed using a 15-min incubation with 4% formaldehyde. The glass coverslips were further washed and then mounted in a mounting medium (Citifluor) to prevent photobleaching. Staining was observed using a standard epifluorescence oil-immersion microscope (Axioskop; Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).| |
RESULTS |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
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Cloning-- 5'-RACE experiments performed on human heart cDNA identified a clone predicted to encode a truncated KvLQT1 protein lacking an intracytoplasmic N-terminal tail. The predicted N-terminal sequence (Fig. 1) was only 2 amino acids (Met and Asp) longer than the previously published partial sequence (1) and 131 amino acids shorter than the cardiac KvLQT1 isoform 1 (6). A 27-bp sequence identified 5'-upstream from the start codon matched the KvLQT1 exon 1b sequence recently published by Lee et al. (3).
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RNA Expression in the Heart-- When RT-PCR primers specific for each isoform (Fig. 1) were used, both full-length and N-terminal truncated KvLQT1 isoform RNAs were detected in human ventricular tissues from an explanted heart (Fig. 2). Isoform 2 mRNA was also detected in six right atrial appendages sampled during open heart cardiac surgery (Fig. 2). KvLQT1 expression was further quantified in adult human cardiac muscle using an RNase protection assay (Fig. 3). The probe used for isoform 2 mRNA detection spanned 347 bp and covered a portion of isoform 2-specific 5'-coding and non-coding sequences as well as a 314-bp sequence common to isoforms 1 and 2. Thus, with our isoform 2 probe, two RNA fragments were RNase-protected as follows: a 347-bp sequence specifically corresponding to isoform 2 and a 314-bp sequence corresponding to non-isoform 2 (Fig. 3). For isoform 1, the RNase protection hybridization probe covered a 274-bp segment which comprised a 62-bp fragment of isoform 1-specific 5' sequence and a 212-bp segment common to isoform 1 and 2 sequences (Fig. 1). With this probe, the following two RNA fragments were RNase-protected: a 274-bp sequence corresponding to isoform 1 and a 212-bp sequence corresponding to non-isoform 1 (Fig. 3). This approach allowed direct comparison of the expression level of the different isoforms without the need for an internal marker. Densitometric analysis was used to compare isoform 1/non-isoform 1 bands and isoform 2/non-isoform 2 bands from cardiac tissues. This analysis revealed that isoform 1 and isoform 2 represented 71.9 ± 0.6 and 28.1 ± 0.6%, respectively, of the total KvLQT1 expression in the ventricle and 79.3 ± 2.1 and 20.7 ± 2.1% in the atrium (mean ± S.E., n = 6). Relative expression of isoform 2 in the auricle was significantly lower than in the ventricle (p < 0.05).
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Functional Expression-- We first investigated whether KvLQT1 isoform 2 is fully processed to the cell membrane. To this end, COS-7 cells were transfected with epitope-tagged plasmids encoding KvLQT1 isoform 1 or KvLQT1 isoform 2. In our tagged constructs, the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) flag was placed within the second extracellular loop of the channel protein so that immunodetection of the tag could be performed in non-permeabilized, non-fixed cells. Fig. 4A shows that specific immunostaining appeared as dots situated at the membrane surface of cells transfected with tagged isoform 1 and isoform 2 but not at the surface of cells transfected with an untagged plasmid. Western blot experiments performed in COS-7 cells transfected with HA-tagged plasmids confirmed that KvLQT1 isoform 1 and KvLQT1 isoform 2 encode proteins at the molecular mass (e.g. 75 and 61 kDa, respectively) predicted by their coding sequences. However, as shown in Fig. 4B, two different bands for each isoform were visible on the immunoblot. We hypothesized that the lower band may correspond to the unglycosylated form of the protein, whereas the upper band may correspond to the glycosylated form (1).
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20 mV to a more depolarized voltage. Again, in the
presence of IsK, isoform 2 did not alter the activation and
deactivation kinetics of the isoform 1-related K+ current
(Table I). As summarized in Fig. 7,
isoform 2 reduced average current tail amplitude
dose-dependently. In the presence of 1, 2, and 5 µg/ml
isoform 2 but without IsK, the current tail amplitude induced by 5 µg/ml isoform 1 was reduced to 12.6, 4.7, and 0%, respectively, of
its control value. In the presence of 5 µg/ml IsK, the same
concentrations of isoform 2 reduced current tail amplitude to 47, 33, and 1.8% of its control value, respectively. Thus, the current related
to isoform 1 expression was more sensitive to the negative dominance of
isoform 2 in the absence than in the presence of IsK. Fig. 7 also shows
that the dominant negative effects produced by 1 µg/ml isoform 2 were
partially reversed by increasing the IsK plasmid concentration in the
injected mixture from 5 to 9 µg/ml.
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DISCUSSION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
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Our results demonstrate that an N-terminal truncated isoform of the KvLQT1 gene product is constitutively expressed in adult human heart and that this truncated isoform is a strong dominant negative of KvLQT1 isoform 1 K+ channels. The isoform 2 coding sequence reported here corresponds to that identified by Yang et al. (7) and is referred to as variant B. In Northern blot analysis, variant B expression was demonstrated in the heart but not in other organs (7). At the genomic level (3), isoform 2 comprises exon 1b, exon 1, and exon 2 but lacks exon 1c of the KvLQT1 gene. Exon-trapping and exon-connection experiments (3) clearly demonstrate that isoforms 1 and 2 are splice variants. The KvLQT1 gene spans a large region of at least 300 kilobase pairs and comprises a minimum of 14 exons (3). Although the KvLQT1 promoter region has not yet been identified, it can be inferred that isoform 1 and isoform 2 use either the same promoter or, alternatively, a different promoter as is the case for insulin-like growth factor 2, for example, which has multiple promoters indicative of developmental and tissue dependence (12).
The N-terminal end of KvLQT1 appears to be essential for the function but not for the mediation of the subunit association to form the tetrameric K+ channel complex. This situation differs notably from the classic status for the voltage-dependent K+ channel in which a domain designed as "NAB" domain, conserved in the cytoplasmic N terminus, is crucial for subunit-specific multimerization (13). Such a NAB domain is not found in the long N-terminal sequence of KvLQT1 isoform 1. If it is assumed that KvLQT1 subunits form tetrameric channels, the coexpression of full-length isoform 1 and truncated isoform 2 will lead to the formation of homotetramers and of three classes of heterotetramers (with one, two, and three isoform 2 subunits). A binomial equation (14) can be used to predict the percentage of channels expected for each class of tetrameric channel by assuming the following: (i) the ratio of the cDNA injected linearly predicts their resultant protein ratio; (ii) the amplitude of induced current is dose-dependent on the amount of injected cDNA; (iii) isoform 1 and isoform 2 subunits assemble equally well as homo- or heteromeric channels; and (iv) inclusion of at least one dominant negative subunit suppresses channel function. According to this prediction, the remaining current amplitude should be 47, 25, and 6.25% at isoform 1/isoform 2 ratios of 5/1, 5/2, and 5/5 respectively. These values agree reasonably well with the experimental data obtained in the presence of IsK but not in its absence. Indeed, in the absence of IsK, the dominant negative effects of isoform 2 were much more pronounced than in its presence and also more marked than predicted with the binomial equation. Thus, our results suggest the following: (i) the affinity of an isoform 1 subunit for an isoform 2 subunit is higher than the affinity of an isoform 1 subunit for another isoform 1 subunit; (ii) the affinity of isoform 1 for isoform 2 subunits is decreased in the presence of the IsK regulator; and (iii) inclusion of at least one isoform 2 subunit suppresses channel function. These possibilities have important physiological implications since the level of isoform 2 expression in a tissue affect channel function differently depending on the coexpression of the IsK regulator.
In our experimental conditions, the amplitude of the current induced by KvLQT1 isoform 1 expression approximated that induced by coexpression of isoform 1 plus IsK. However, previous findings for transfected COS and Chinese hamster ovary cells as well as Xenopus oocytes (4, 5, 15) showed that the channel regulator not only affected activation kinetics (as with our cells) but also markedly increased its density. Differences in experimental procedures may account for this discrepancy, particularly with Xenopus oocytes in which IsK-induced KvLQT1 current is highly temperature-dependent (16). Previous experiments were performed at 20-22 °C, whereas in our study a physiological temperature (37 °C) was chosen. Moreover, we used direct cDNA injection, whereas previous studies chose classical synthetic vector-mediated gene transfer.
In the heart ventricle, we observed that 30% KvLQT1 mRNA
expression is linked to isoform 2, and 70% is linked to isoform 1. This corresponds to the 5/2 isoform 1/isoform 2 cDNA ratio used in
COS-7 expression experiments. In the absence of IsK, this ratio
produced only 4.7% of the current detected in the absence of isoform
2. However, in the presence of 5 µg/ml IsK cDNA, injection of the
5/2 ratio produced 33% of the current detected in the absence of
isoform 2. Our findings suggest that the characteristics of endogenous
K+ current available for cardiac repolarization depend on
the relative expression of the following three different proteins:
isoform 1, isoform 2, and IsK. In the presence of IsK, isoform 2 expression shifted the KvLQT1 activation voltage toward more
depolarized potentials (see Fig. 6C), providing a better
representation of the activation curve of the slow component of the
endogenous cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current (17).
Moreover, the dominant negative effects of isoform 2 were increased in
the absence of IsK. This property may contribute to the inner ear
defect observed in IsK knock-out mice (18), although isoform 2 expression has not yet been demonstrated in the inner ear during
embryonic development or after birth.
Mutations in the following three genes are considered responsible for the dominantly inherited Romano-Ward long QT syndrome: (i) KvLQT1 localized to chromosome band 11p15.5, responsible for the most frequent LQT1 phenotype (19); (ii) HERG, a K+ channel encoding gene at 7q35-36 and responsible for the LQT2 phenotype (20); and (iii) SCN5A, a voltage-dependent Na+ channel encoding gene at 3p21-24 responsible for the LQT3 phenotype (21). A fourth locus (LQT4) has been identified by our laboratory at 4q25-27 (22). The vast majority of the mutations responsible for LQT1 lie within the KvLQT1 transmembrane domains and the pore region (Refs. 1 and 2)2 and thus supposedly affect both isoform 1 and isoform 2. In the heart of a Romano-Ward LQT1 patient, the delayed rectifier K+ current available for repolarization would thus result from the association within heterotetrameric channel protein complexes composed of the following: (i) mutated isoform 1, (ii) wild-type isoform 1, (iii) mutated isoform 2, (iv) wild-type isoform 2, and (v) IsK proteins. This implies that the functional effects of KvLQT1 mutations on isoform 2 negative dominance also need to be evaluated. Indeed, a mutation within isoform 2 could very well reduce or even suppress its dominant negative effect on wild-type isoform 1. Paradoxically, this would increase the K+ current related to KvLQT1 isoform 1 expression from the unaffected allele since less dominant negative isoform 2 transcripts would be available. Therefore, depending on the effects of a familial mutation on isoform 2, the amplitude of the delayed rectifier K+ current available for cardiac repolarization (and hence the phenotype) may vary. Current research programs in our laboratory are exploring the consequences of familial mutations on isoform 2 negative function.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank Béatrice Leray and Marie-Joseph Louerat for expert technical assistance with cell cultures and plasmid amplifications.
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Addendum |
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Recently, Jiang et al. (23) reported that KvLQT1 isoform 2 exerts strong dominant negative effects on KvLQT1-isoform 1-related current recorded in Xenopus oocytes but does not affect the current produced by expression of Kv1.4, Kv4.3, or HERG.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by INSERM.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laboratoire de
Physiopathologie et de Pharmacologie Cellulaires et Moléculaires, INSERM CJF 96.01, Bât HBN, Hôpital Hotel-Dieu, BP 1005, 44093 Nantes, France. Tel.: 33-240-08-75-18; Fax: 33-240-08-75-23;
E-mail: denis.escande{at}sante.univ-nantes.fr.
1 The abbreviations used are: RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends; bp, base pair(s); RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions; HA, hemagglutinin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.
2 P. Guicheney, personal communication.
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REFERENCES |
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Abstract
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Discussion
References
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F. G. Akar, R. C. Wu, G. J. Juang, Y. Tian, M. Burysek, D. DiSilvestre, W. Xiong, A. A. Armoundas, and G. F. Tomaselli Molecular mechanisms underlying K+ current downregulation in canine tachycardia-induced heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): H2887 - H2896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Gouas, C. Bellocq, M. Berthet, F. Potet, S. Demolombe, A. Forhan, R. Lescasse, F. Simon, B. Balkau, I. Denjoy, et al. New KCNQ1 mutations leading to haploinsufficiency in a general population: Defective trafficking of a KvLQT1 mutant Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2004; 63(1): 60 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ohya, G. P. Sergeant, I. A. Greenwood, and B. Horowitz Molecular Variants of KCNQ Channels Expressed in Murine Portal Vein Myocytes: A Role in Delayed Rectifier Current Circ. Res., May 16, 2003; 92(9): 1016 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C Ramakers, M.A Vos, P.A Doevendans, M Schoenmakers, Y.S Wu, S Scicchitano, A Iodice, G.P Thomas, C Antzelevitch, and R Dumaine Coordinated down-regulation of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 expression contributes to reduction of IKs in canine hypertrophied hearts Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2003; 57(2): 486 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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act fast, for the fast
component which accounted for 83% of the total current and 