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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 44, 28543-28543, October 30, 1998
From the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935
When C/EBP C/EBP is a prototype of a "modular" transcription factor with an
activation domain, a DNA-binding domain, and a dimerization domain.
There are currently six members of the C/EBP family of transcription
factors, some with several isoforms. These are reviewed in detail in
the minireview by Lekstrom-Himes and Xanthopoulos (3) in this series.
Because the various C/EBP isoforms are capable of dimerization, the
possibility of an interaction between family members is greatly
increased. C/EBP can also be covalently modified by phosphorylation; it
is a target for both protein kinase A and protein kinase C and can bind
to coactivator molecules such as CBP (CREB-binding protein) to control
the level of transcription of a target gene. With this degree of
molecular versatility, it is not surprising that C/EBP has the ability
to regulate the expression of genes with seemingly unrelated biological
function, i.e. genes whose transcription can be activated by
a diverse set of signals.
The ability to delete genes coding for individual C/EBP isoforms in the
mouse has led to a better understanding of the scope of the biological
response of C/EBP. Members of the C/EBP family control the
transcription of genes involved in a broad range of physiological
processes, ranging from the acute phase response to the control of
glucose homeostasis. As an example, the transcription of genes that
code for proteins involved in opposing metabolic pathways is often
controlled by C/EBP. Therefore, the control of any individual gene
requires a coordination between the action of C/EBP and that of other
transcription factors to explain the pleiotropic nature of the
biological effects of C/EBP.
Considering the importance of C/EBP in the regulation of gene
expression, it seemed timely to organize a comprehensive review of the
C/EBP isoforms. This series contains five separate, in-depth reviews on
specific aspects of the biological roles of C/EBP. The lead-off article
by Julie Lekstrom-Himes and Kleanthis G. Xanthopoulos, entitled
"Biological Role of the CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein Family of
Transcription Factors," provides a general overview of the biology of
the C/EBP isoforms and sets the stage for the latter articles in this
series that will focus on more narrow aspects of the action of the
C/EBP family of transcription factors.
The review by Valeria Poli on "The Role of C/EBP Isoforms in the
Control of Inflammatory and Native Immunity Functions" describes the
many functions of C/EBP in controlling transcription of a broad variety
of genes of the liver and in cells of the myelomonocytic lineage that
are involved in the inflammatory response. The role of C/EBP isoforms
in the action of cytokines is reviewed and integrated with the current
knowledge of signal transduction pathways that result in the activation
of specific C/EBP isoforms.
One of the earliest functions assigned to C/EBP The minireview by Anna Mae Diehl entitled "Roles of
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Proteins in the Regulation of Liver Regenerative Growth" outlines the most recent information on the role of C/EBP isoforms in the regenerative response of the liver to injury and the
involvement of hepatocyte mitogens and co-mitogens in this process.
Factors that link this process to cell cycle regulation during liver
regeneration are also discussed in this review.
Colleen Croniger, Patrick Leahy, Lea Reshef, and Richard W. Hanson are
co-authors of the final review in the series, which is entitled
"C/EBP and the Control of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene
Transcription in the Liver." C/EBP
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was discovered by
Steven McKnight and his colleagues (1), it was the first of what is now
known as the leucine zipper family of transcription factors. There is
currently a large and growing list of isoforms of C/EBP that have been
implicated in the transcriptional regulation of a number of genes
in virtually every mammalian tissue. In 1989, McKnight et
al. (2) predicted, on the basis of very fragmentary
evidence, that C/EBP was a "central regulator of energy
metabolism." The extent to which this prediction has been proven to
be true will become apparent in several of the articles in this
minireview series.
was its role in the
differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipose tissue. As our
knowledge of the complexity of the C/EBP family of transcription
factors expands, studies on the function of individual isoforms of
C/EBP have provided insight into the complex series of interactions
between transcription factors that forms the mechanistic basis for
adipocyte differentiation. Gretchen J. Darlington, Sarah E. Ross, and
Ormond A. MacDougald present a review of "The Role of C/EBP Genes in
Adipocyte Differentiation and Function" that details the functional
interactions of the various C/EBP isoforms in preadipocyte
differentiation and their role in modulating the expression of specific
genes in the fully differentiated adipocyte.
and C/EBP
have been implicated in the dietary and hormonal control of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene transcription, most notably in the cAMP
induction of transcription that occurs in diabetes and during starvation. This minireview stresses the interaction of C/EBP and
C/EBP with other transcription factors that coordinate the level of
PEPCK gene expression and links C/EBP to hormonal signals that control
the initiation of transcription of the gene for PEPCK in the liver at
birth. This review provides support for the predictions of McKnight and
colleagues (2) that C/EBP is a critical regulatory factor in the
control of integrated metabolic processes.
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* This minireview will be reprinted in the 1998 Minireview Compendium, which will be available in December, 1998.
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