J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 29, 20465-20472, July 16, 1999

Identification of the Erythropoietin Receptor Domain Required for Calcium Channel Activation^*

Barbara A. Miller^§, Dwayne L. Barber^¶**, Laurie L. Bell, Bryan K. Beattie^¶, Min-Ying Zhang, Benjamin G. Neel^§§, Monique Yoakim^§§, Lawrence I. Rothblum^¶¶, and Joseph Y. Cheung^¶¶||

From the Departments of  Pediatrics, ^|| Medicine, and ^¶¶ Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, the ^¶ Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, the  Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, The Toronto Hospital, and the ^** Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada, and the ^§§ Cancer Biology Program and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Erythropoietin (Epo) activates a voltage-independent Ca²⁺ channel that is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation. To identify the domain(s) of the Epo receptor (Epo-R) required for Epo-induced Ca²⁺ influx, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected with wild-type or mutant Epo receptors subcloned into pTracer-cytomegalovirus vector. This vector contains an SV40 early promoter, which drives expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, and a cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter driving expression of the Epo-R. Successful transfection was verified in single cells by detection of GFP, and intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca]_i) changes were simultaneously monitored with rhod-2. Transfection of CHO cells with pTracer encoding wild-type Epo-R, but not pTracer alone, resulted in an Epo-induced [Ca]_i increase that was abolished in cells transfected with Epo-R F8 (all eight cytoplasmic tyrosines substituted). Transfection with carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants indicated that removal of the terminal four tyrosine phosphorylation sites, but not the tyrosine at position 479, abolished Epo-induced [Ca]_i increase, suggesting that tyrosines at positions 443, 460, and/or 464 are important. In CHO cells transfected with mutant Epo-R in which phenylalanine was substituted for individual tyrosines, a significant increase in [Ca]_i was observed with mutants Epo-R Y443F and Epo-R Y464F. The rise in [Ca]_i was abolished in cells transfected with Epo-R Y460F. Results were confirmed with CHO cells transfected with plasmids expressing Epo-R mutants in which individual tyrosines were added back to Epo-R F8 and in stably transfected Ba/F3 cells. These results demonstrate a critical role for the Epo-R cytoplasmic tyrosine 460 in Epo-stimulated Ca²⁺ influx.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Erythropoietin is a hematopoietic growth factor that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and viability of erythroid progenitors and precursors (1). The erythropoietin receptor is a member of the superfamily of cytokine receptors (2, 3), which is characterized by the conservation of cysteines and a WSXWS motif in the extracellular domain (1-8), as well as limited similarities in the cytoplasmic domain, including Box 1 and Box 2 in the membrane proximal region (2, 3). No kinase or other enzyme motif has been identified in the cytoplasmic domains of members of the cytokine receptor superfamily. For erythropoietin, interaction with its receptor rapidly induces dimerization/oligomerization (9, 10), which results in increased affinity for a member of the Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, JAK2 (9-12). JAK2 is activated by transphosphorylation of its active site and phosphorylates some or all of the eight tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain of the Epo¹ receptor. JAK2 also is activated by other cytokine receptors, including thrombopoietin, prolactin, and growth hormone (2, 3, 13). Phosphorylation of the intracellular tyrosines attracts other intracellular proteins that bind to Epo-R via their Src homology 2 (SH2) domains; many are in turn tyrosinephosphorylated (14).

Identification of the phosphorylated tyrosines of the erythropoietin receptor to which specific SH2-containing proteins bind is important in defining the pathways involved in erythropoietin stimulated proliferation and differentiation. Tyrosine at position 343 or 401 of the murine Epo-R mediates maximal STAT5 activation (15-20). The proliferation stimulating SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is phosphorylated by JAK2 after binding at position 401 (21, 22). The proliferation inhibiting SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 is recruited to the Epo receptor following the phosphorylation of tyrosine 429, resulting in inactivation of JAK2 and termination of proliferative signals (23, 24). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase directly associates with the murine erythropoietin receptor at amino acids 479 and 343 (25-27). Other kinases/signal transducers that are tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to erythropoietin include GAP (28), Shc (14), Vav (29), c-fps/fes (30), Lyn (31), phospholipase C-1 (32), and c-Cbl (33, 34). It is not known whether these transducers are recruited directly to the Epo-R or bind indirectly via other adaptor proteins.

Ligand binding of the Epo-R causes an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺, and it is believed that this is part of the signaling mechanisms controlling proliferation/differentiation of human (35-37) and murine (38-42) erythroid progenitors and precursors. The mechanism of regulation of calcium by erythropoietin has been examined at the single cell level using normal human burst-forming units-erythroid-derived cells at defined stages of differentiation and fluorescence microscopy coupled to digital video imaging (35, 36, 43, 44), patch clamp (44, 45), and microinjection (46). Our laboratory has shown that erythropoietin induces a dose-dependent increase in [Ca]_i in single normal human BFU-E-derived erythroblasts modulated through a voltage-independent ion channel permeable to calcium (44, 45) and dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation (47). Here, we identified the domain of the Epo receptor required for Epo-induced calcium influx using a system in which single cells that expressed transfected wild-type or mutant erythropoietin receptors were identified by detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with digital video imaging and cytosolic Ca²⁺ changes simultaneously measured in transfected cells.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Transfection of Wild-type and Mutant Epo Receptors into CHO Cells-- CHO cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% fetal calf serum at 37 °C in 5% CO₂. All constructs were based on the pTracer-CMV vector (Invitrogen). This mammalian expression vector contains an SV40 early promoter that drives expression of the GFP gene fused to a zeocin resistance gene and a CMV immediate-early promoter driving expression of a second cDNA.

A panel of Epo-R deletion mutants (see Fig. 2) was generated as described previously (48). Briefly, a region from nucleotide 1083 to the specific 3'-end of each construct was amplified via polymerase chain reaction. After subcloning the polymerase chain reaction fragment into pCR-Script, the fragment was digested with SphI and EcoRI and subcloned into SphI-EcoRI-digested pCDNA3-EPO-R. The Epo-R 221 construct was subcloned from pXM into pcDNA3 (48). Epo-R tyrosine mutants were generated via overlap extension polymerase chain reaction. These included a series of single tyrosine mutants in which phenylalanine was substituted for different tyrosine residues in the Epo receptor (see Fig. 3) and a series of add back mutants to an Epo receptor devoid of tyrosine residues. Oligonucleotide primers were selected that produced either a phenylalanine at amino acid position 443, 460, or 464, or a tyrosine at amino acid position 443, 460, or 464. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using either pBSK-Epo-R or pBSK-Epo-R F8 (all eight cytoplasmic tyrosines converted to phenylalanine) to generate a SphI-EcoRI fragment in pCR-Script. The fidelity of all constructs was confirmed by sequencing both strands of the 440-base pair fragment. Each SphI-EcoRI fragment was subcloned into SphI-EcoRI-digested pBSK-Epo-R. The Epo-R cDNA was subcloned into pCDNA3 or pTracer-CMV using KpnI and EcoRI sites in the pTracer vectors.

CHO cells were transfected with transfection solution containing pTracer-CMV vectors (6 µg/ml) and LipofectAMINE^TM (Life Technologies, Inc.; 16 µg/ml) for 5 h at 37 °C. Successful transfection of CHO cells was verified by detection of expression of green fluorescent protein by digital video imaging (44-46). The excitation peaks of GFP are 395 and 478 nm, and the emission peak is 507 nm. Cells were excited at 380 nm, and emission was detected at 510 nm. The optimal time for expression of transfected pTracer CMV Epo-R was found to be 48-72 h after transfection by Western blotting, and this time interval posttransfection was selected to examine the response of transfected CHO cells to Epo. At this time interval, 40-50% of CHO cells expressed GFP.

Measurement of [Ca]_i with Digital Video Imaging-- A fluorescence microscopy coupled digital video imaging system was used to measure [Ca]_i (35, 36, 43-46). To study changes in intracellular calcium in transfected cells, we were not able to use Fura-2 as the detection fluorophore because its excitation and emission wavelengths overlap with those of GFP. Instead, we used the fluorescence indicator rhod-2 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) (49, 50). Fluorescence of GFP does not interfere with rhod-2 fluorescence. Rhod-2 is a single wavelength excitation Ca²⁺ fluorophore (excitation, 540 nm; emission, 590 nm). We cannot obtain absolute [Ca]_i values in single cells, because fluorescence is proportional to [Ca]_i, fluorophore concentration, optical path, and excitation light intensity. Fo (fluorescence at baseline) and Ft (fluorescence at time t) were measured and used to quantitate changes in [Ca]_i in rhod-2 loaded CHO cells. Using the peak Ft measurement 20 min after Epo stimulation, Ft/Fo × 100% was calculated and used for standardization to compare changes between groups. CHO cells were loaded by incubation with rhod-2 (2 µM) for 30 min at 37 °C and stimulated with recombinant erythropoietin (>100,000 units/mg; R & D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). Baseline measurements of Fo were taken before stimulation, and measurements of Ft were taken at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after Epo stimulation. Experiments were performed with or without physiological calcium (0.7 mM) (36). Pertussis toxin was obtained from List Biological Laboratory (Campbell, CA) and was heat-inactivated by incubating at 95 °C for 20 min (51).

Immunoblotting-- Whole cell lysates were prepared, and ECL was performed as described previously (52). Membranes were incubated with anti-mEpo-R antibody (sc-697, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA; diluted 1:100). Donkey anti-rabbit antibody (1:1500) was used as the secondary antibody.

To analyze Epo-dependent JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation in stably transfected Ba/F3 cells, we used a JAK2 polyclonal antibody for immunoprecipitations (53) and a different JAK2 polyclonal antibody (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Lake Placid, NY) for Western analysis. The monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine 4G10 antibody was generously provided by Dr. Brian Druker (Portland, OR).

Measurement of [Ca]_i and Cell Proliferation in Transfected Ba/F3 Cells-- To confirm our results in a factor-dependent hematopoietic cell line, we studied Ba/F3 cells stably transfected with wild-type or mutant mEpo-R (34). Ba/F3 cells transfected with wt or mutant mEpo-R were cultured with 1 mg/ml G418 (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) and 500 pg/ml IL-3. Ba/F3 and Ba/F3 mEpo-R cells were adhered to fibronectin coated coverslips, growth factor deprived for 5 h, and loaded with 2 µM Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Molecular Probes, Inc.) for digital video imaging studies (35, 36, 46, 47).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Transfection of CHO Cells with pTracer-CMV Epo-R-- To determine the domains of the Epo-R required for erythropoietin regulation of calcium channels, we established a system in which single cells transfected with wild-type or mutant Epo-R could be identified by GFP fluorescence, and [Ca]_i was measured simultaneously in the identical cells with digital video imaging. CHO cells were used for these transfections, because they lack endogenous Epo-R and have been shown to contain all the necessary transducers required for growth hormone-induced [Ca]_i increase (54). In Fig. 1, five CHO cells are shown 24 h after transfection with Epo-R subcloned into the pTracer-CMV vector. Successfully transfected CHO cells were detected by fluorescence from GFP (Fig. 1B). [Ca]_i detected by intracellular rhod-2 is shown for the same five cells in Fig. 1C. A significant increase in [Ca]_i was observed in CHO cells stimulated with Epo following transfection with pTracer-CMV mEpo-R (Table I, p < 0.02). The rate of rise in intracellular calcium was similar to that previously observed in BFU-E-derived cells (35, 36). The magnitude of [Ca]_i changes cannot be directly compared because we were unable to calibrate rhod-2 signals into [Ca]_i, and rhod-2 was observed to have a smaller dynamic range than Fura-2. No change in Ft measured at 10-s intervals compared with Fo was observed over the first minute (data not shown). No increase in [Ca]_i was observed in Epo treated CHO cells transfected with vector alone. Nontransfected CHO cells (e.g. the other four cells in Fig. 1C) did not demonstrate a significant change in percentage of Ft/Fo over the experimental period (20 min), indicating that problems due to leakage and photobleaching of rhod-2 are minimal (no decrease in Ft/Fo), and that the increase in [Ca]_i in successfully transfected CHO cells was specific for Epo.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Detection of GFP and rhod-2 in five CHO cells transfected with the pTracer-CMV vector. A, white light image of CHO cells. B, only one of these five CHO cells successfully expressed GFP (excitation, 380 nm; emission, 510 nm). C, rhod-2 fluorescence of the same CHO cells (excitation, 540 nm; emission, 590 nm).

The Ca²⁺ response to erythropoietin was then further characterized in CHO cells. The rise in intracellular Ca²⁺ was dependent on extracellular calcium, because no response to erythropoietin was seen in medium without calcium (data not shown). Pretreatment with pertussis toxin, but not heat-inactivated pertussis toxin, significantly inhibited the increase in percentage of Ft/Fo observed in Epo-stimulated pTracer-CMV mEpo-R transfected CHO cells (Table I, p < 0.002). These results demonstrated that the influx of calcium in CHO cells is regulated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. CHO cells transfected with pTracer-CMV mEpo-R were then pretreated with the L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker nifedipine. Nifedipine blocked the increase in [Ca]_i seen in response to erythropoietin, but only at doses higher than typically required to block voltage-sensitive L-type calcium channels (Table II). These data confirm that the Epo-R in transfected CHO cells behaved similarly to the endogenous Epo-R on BFU-E-derived cells (44-46, 51).

Identification of Erythropoietin Receptor Domains Involved in Calcium Channel Activation Using Receptor Deletion Mutants-- To determine erythropoietin receptor domains required for Epo-induced calcium influx, CHO cells were transfected with wild-type or mutant Epo receptors subcloned into pTracer-CMV vector. We initially selected a mutant receptor in which phenylalanine was substituted for all eight tyrosines (F8), because tyrosine phosphorylation is required for the Epo-modulated calcium increase (47). Transfection with the Epo-R F8 mutant abolished the Epo-induced intracellular calcium increase (Table III). CHO cells were then transfected with carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants to narrow the number of tyrosine sites that might be involved (Fig. 2). CHO cells transfected with the mEpo-R carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants 221 (8 tyrosines), 99 Y343F (8 tyrosines), 99 (7 tyrosines), 69 (6 tyrosines), and 43 (4 tyrosines) all displayed no calcium influx in response to erythropoietin stimulation (Table III). The Epo-induced increase in [Ca]_i in mEpo-R 14 (1 tyrosine) transfected cells was similar to the wild-type mEpo-R. These results suggested that tyrosines at position 443, 460, and/or 464 are necessary for Epo-induced calcium influx.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Schematic representation of wt and deletion mutants of the mEpo-R. The full-length 483 amino acid wt receptor possesses 236 amino acids in the cytoplasm. The deletion mutants are designated based on the number of amino acids deleted from their cytoplasmic tail. Single-letter amino acid codes used.

Identification of the Tyrosine(s) Involved in Epo-Receptor Mediated Calcium Influx-- CHO cells were then transfected with mutant mEpo-R in which phenylalanine was substituted for individual tyrosines at positions 443, 460, or 464 (Fig. 3). In cells transfected with mEpo-R Y443F and mEpo-R Y464F, the significant increase in [Ca]_i in response to Epo stimulation was similar to that observed with the wild-type mEpo-R (Table IV). In contrast, the increase in percentage of Ft/Fo was abolished in cells transfected with mEpo-R Y460F.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Schematic representation of wt mEpo-R receptor and tyrosine substitution mutants. F8 has all eight cytoplasmic tyrosines converted to phenylalanine. The Y7 receptor has phenylalanine substituted for single tyrosines at position 443, 460, or 464. Single-letter amino acid codes used.

To confirm that a single tyrosine residue was sufficient to mediate Epo-R modulated Ca²⁺ influx, CHO cells were transfected with pTracer expressing mutants in which single tyrosines were added back to a mEpo-R devoid of tyrosine residues (Epo-R F8). A significant increase in [Ca]_i in response to Epo was observed in cells transfected with mEpo-R F7 Tyr-460 but not in cells transfected with mEpo-R F7 Tyr-443 or F7 Tyr-464 (Table IV). These results demonstrate that the Epo-R cytoplasmic tyrosine at position 460 is necessary and sufficient for Epo-stimulated Ca²⁺ influx.

Western blotting was performed on lysates of transfected CHO cells and demonstrated that all tyrosine substitution and add back mutants were expressed (Fig. 4A). As observed for wt mEpo-R, receptor expression was greater at 48 than 72 h after transfection. The deletion mutant mEpo-R-14, shown here as a negative control, was not recognized by this antibody, which was raised against the carboxyl-terminal 20 amino acids.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   A, Western blot of CHO cells transfected with mutant mEpo-R. CHO cells were transfected with wt mEpo-R, mEpo-R F8, mEpo-R-14, or single tyrosine substitution or add back mutants. 30 µg of protein was loaded on each lane. Detection was performed with ECL. 443F, Phe-443; Y443, Tyr-443. B, Western blot of Ba/F3 cells transfected with mutant Epo-R. Ba/F3 cells were transfected with wt mEpo-R and single tyrosine substitution mutants or add back mutants. One hundred µg of lysate from each cell line was loaded in each lane.

Role of mEpo-R Tyr-460 in Hematopoietic Cells-- To confirm these findings in hematopoietic cells, the ability of erythropoietin to modulate [Ca]_i in Ba/F3 cells stably transfected with wild-type or mutant mEpo-R was examined. Subclones were isolated via limiting dilution and individual subclones were selected that expressed comparable levels of Epo-R expression (Fig. 4B). Stable transfection of mEpo-R was maintained by antibiotic selection, and the level of receptor expression in a single cell could not be assessed.

A significant increase in F₃₅₀/F₃₈₀ was observed folflowing Epo stimulation in Ba/F3 cells transfected with mEpo-R, but not in parental cells (Fig. 5). No increase in F₃₅₀/F₃₈₀ was found when measurements were obtained at 10 s intervals for the first minute. Cells transfected with the mEpo-R deletion mutant 43 showed no Epo-induced [Ca]_i increase, whereas cells transfected with mEpo-R 14 displayed a significant calcium rise. Furthermore, no increase in [Ca]_i was observed in Ba/F3 cells transfected with mEpo-R Y7 Phe-460, but the calcium response to Epo was specifically restored in an add back mutant to the F8 mEpo-R in which tyrosine was added back at position 460 (Fig. 5). All cell lines tested activated the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, confirming that the Epo-R constructs were expressed on the cell surface (Fig. 6). This is expected because all constructs have an intact Box 1/Box 2 region. These data demonstrate that the mEpo-R Y460F is functional in activating JAK2 but unable to transmit the calcium signal.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Calcium response of Ba/F3 cells transfected with mEpo-R. Ba/F3 cells stably transfected with wt or mutant mEpo-R were deprived of growth factor and then stimulated with 2 units/ml recombinant Epo. Fluorescence intensity ratios (F350/F380) of Fura-2-loaded cells were obtained with DVI before Epo stimulation and 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after Epo stimulation. Results are expressed as the mean ± S.E. of F350/F380 at peak/baseline × 100%. The number of single cells studied after transfection with different mEpo-R constructs was as follows: no vector, 4; mEpo-R wt, 29; mEpo-R 43, 9; mEpo-R 14, 8; mEpo-R Y7 Phe-460, 16; mEpo-R Y7 Phe-464, 12; mEpo-R F7 Tyr-460, 15; and mEpo-R F7 Tyr-464, 10. *, significant increase in F350/F380 above that measured in nontransfected Ba/F3 cells (p < 0.05).

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   Epo activates JAK2 in Epo-R constructs with Tyr-460 mutations. Ba/F3 cells expressing Epo-R, Epo-R Y7 Phe-460, Epo-R F7 Tyr-460, and Epo-R F8 were depleted of cytokine for 4 h and then stimulated in the presence or absence of IL-3 or Epo. Lysates were prepared and immunoprecipitation with a peptide-specific JAK2 antibody performed. Tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 was assessed by immunoblotting with a monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (lanes 1-15). The membrane was stripped and reprobed with a peptide-specific JAK2 antibody. Whole cell lysates from stimulated Ba/F3-Epo-R cells were run in lanes 16-18.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

We have transfected CHO cells with wild-type and mutant mEpo receptors to study the erythropoietin signal transduction pathway involved in calcium channel activation. Digital video imaging was used to identify GFP fluorescence in single cells transfected with the pTracer vector, which expresses both the GFP and Epo receptor genes. The pTracer vector possesses the theoretical advantage that the gene of interest is not expressed as a fusion protein with GFP, which may affect targeting of the protein under study or modify its function or regulation. Calcium channel activation in response to erythropoietin was measured in transfected cells loaded with rhod-2. We are the first to study receptor-mediated calcium signaling in which successful transfection with the gene of interest was authenticated at the single cell level by fluorescence emissions from GFP, a co-transfected gene. Our method can be applied to many receptor/channel systems.

We previously demonstrated that erythropoietin modulates a voltage-independent calcium channel on normal erythroid precursors (35-36, 44-45) that is dependent on tyrosine kinase activation (47). The results reported here, demonstrating the importance of the tyrosine at position 460 in calcium channel activation, are consistent with our previous data. Signal transducers that interact with Tyr-460 and the subsequent signaling pathway(s) involved have not yet been identified. One potential transducer, Ras, has been shown to couple to calcium channel entry in other systems. Insulin-like growth factors I and II have been shown to activate a calcium-permeable channel by a mechanism involving a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein, Gi2 (55). Ras activation is required for insulin-like growth factor II receptor and Gi2 coupling, which regulates the IGF-II calcium signaling pathway in 3T3 cells (55). Because the same pertussis toxin-sensitive protein (Gi2) has been shown to be involved in erythropoietin-mediated calcium channel opening on erythroid precursors (46, 51), Ras may be involved in the erythropoietin-modulated pathway and activated by interaction of one of its transducers with the receptor at Tyr-460. Another transducer that may interact at this site is the Crk family of adaptor proteins, including CrkI, CrkII, and CrkL (34). The CrkI proteins, through SH3-dependent interactions, associate with C3G, a guanine nucleotide release factor that displays specificity for the activation of the Ras related gene Rap1. Indeed, Rap1 activation has been shown to be associated with calcium signaling in platelets and neutrophils (56, 57).

Erythropoietin has previously been shown to induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-1 (PLC-1) in UT-7/Epo cells, resulting in an increase in intracellular calcium (32). In rat glomerular mesangial cells, erythropoietin promotes the interaction of phospholipase C-1 with the erythropoietin receptor as well as stimulation of a Ca²⁺-activated, Ca²⁺-permeable channel that is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of PLC-1 (58). Many of the characteristics of the Epo-mediated rise in intracellular calcium in normal erythroid and mesangial cells are similar, including the magnitude of the rise in intracellular calcium, the 20 min peak of intracellular Ca²⁺ response, the dependence on tyrosine phosphorylation, and the regulation of voltage-independent Ca²⁺ channel activity (58). However, the PLC-1 cascade results in a biphasic rise in intracellular Ca²⁺ with an initial increase from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive intracellular Ca²⁺ stores followed by influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ (58). In previous work, we failed to measure an increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in response to erythropoietin stimulation of normal erythroid cells (44). In addition, in transfected CHO and Ba/F3 cells, as in BFU-E-derived erythroblasts, no increase in calcium in the first minute after stimulation was observed, as would have been expected with PLC-1 activation. Although these data make it less likely that inositol phosphate hydrolysis is involved in regulating Epo-mediated calcium influx in erythroblasts, this pathway needs to be explored further.

Recent studies suggest that phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate is an activator of calcium channel activity in mast cells (59, 60). The SH2 inositol 5' phosphatase SHIP has been shown to abrogate receptor-induced phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation regulated by PLC-2, resulting in the blockade of calcium influx. Although no reports have implicated PLC-2 in Epo-mediated signaling, SHIP is a target of Epo-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation (61). Gene targeting experiments reveal that SHIP knockout mice have decreased CFU-E in 4- and 8-week-old animals (60). SHIP may regulate several different signal transduction cascades, including activation of Erk, PKB/Akt and/or calcium entry. This matter will be resolved by an analysis of EPO-dependent signaling in primary cells isolated from the SHIP nullizygous mice.

Two other members of the cytokine superfamily, growth hormone (54) and prolactin (62), mediate a slow increase in intracellular free calcium. The Ca²⁺ response to growth hormone, like that of Epo, is dependent on external calcium but growth hormone appears to activate a voltage-dependent L-type Ca²⁺ channel in the plasma membrane and the response is not dependent on JAK2 (54). The Ca²⁺ response to prolactin is of the same magnitude as that of erythropoietin but is dependent on mobilization from intracellular stores as well as external calcium entry (62). The specific transducers involved in each of these cascades need to be determined so that shared and receptor-specific pathways can be identified.

The role of intracellular calcium in regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation is becoming better defined. Calcium has been linked to expression of proto-oncogenes (63), transcription factor phosphorylation, and the appearance of a nuclear Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺-dependent endonuclease capable of generating single strand breaks in chromosomal DNA (64). In the murine erythroleukemia cell line ELM-1, the Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine-specific phosphatase calcineurin (65) mediated Ca²⁺-induced down-regulation of c-Myb expression and an increase in hemoglobin synthesis. Calcium is also involved in inhibition of DNA binding of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (66) and in the differential activation of NF-B factors (67). Both of these families of transcription factors are involved in regulation of erythropoiesis (68-71). Here, we have demonstrated the tyrosine site on the erythropoietin receptor required for activation of the signaling cascade that leads to calcium channel activation. Our next goals will be identification of the transducers that bind to that site and their subsequent targets and determination of the specific nuclear events that are modulated by the nuclear/cytoplasmic calcium gradient (43) that results.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Carol Stine for assistance in experiments with transfected Ba/F3 cells. We are very appreciative of Tina Eberly for careful preparation of the manuscript.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants DK 46778 (to B. A. M.), M01 RR10732 (a General Clinical Research Center grant), F32 DK 09790 (to M-Y. Z.), DK 50693 (to B. G. N.), F32 DK 09465 (to M. Y.), GM 48991 (to L. I. R.), HL 58672 (to J. Y. C.); Medical Research Council of Canada Grant MT-13612 (to D. L. B.); and a University of Toronto Connaught New Staff grant (to D. L. B.). This work received support from the Four Diamonds Fund.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^§ Recipient of an American Cancer Society Faculty Award. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pediatrics, MC-H085, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, P. O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850. Tel.: 717-531-6012; Fax: 717-531-4789; E-mail: bmiller2@psghs.edu.

D.L.B. was supported by a Special Fellow Award from the Leukemia Society of America.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: Epo, erythropoietin; Epo-R, Epo receptor; mEpoR, murine Epo receptor; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; CMV, cytomegalovirus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; wt, wild-type; SH2, Src homology 2; PLC, phospholipase C.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES