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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 32, 22409-22413, August 6, 1999

The Noncollagenous Domain 1 of Type X Collagen
A NOVEL MOTIF FOR TRIMER AND HIGHER ORDER MULTIMER FORMATION WITHOUT A TRIPLE HELIX^*

Yue Zhang and Qian Chen^§

From the Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation,  Cell and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

In this study, we test the hypothesis that the carboxyl noncollagenous (NC1) domain of collagen X is sufficient to direct multimer formation without a triple helix. Two peptides containing the NC1 domain of avian collagen X have been synthesized using a bacterial expression system and their properties characterized. One peptide consists only of the NC1 domain, and the other is a chimeric molecule with a noncollagenous A domain of matrilin-1 fused to the N terminus of NC1. The NC1 peptide alone forms a 45-kDa trimer under native conditions, suggesting that NC1 contains all the information for trimerization without any triple helical residues. This trimeric association is highly thermostable without intermolecular disulfide bonds. This indicates that the NC1 domain contributes to the remarkable structural stability of collagen X. Chemical cross-linking of the NC1 trimer results in a series of varying sized multimers, the smallest of which is a trimer. Therefore the NC1 trimer is sufficient to form higher order multimers. The chimeric A-NC1 peptide forms a homotrimer by itself, and a series of heterotrimers with the NC1 peptide via the NC1 domain. Thus the NC1(X) domain directs multimer formation, even in a noncollagenous molecule.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Type X collagen is expressed specifically by hypertrophic chondrocytes at the transition of cartilage to bone during endochondral bone formation (1, 2). Type X collagen is essential for the structural organization of the matrix preceding calcification (3, 4), occurring in two forms: one is a pericellular mat (5), which probably represents a multimeric form of type X collagen itself (6); the other is in association with type II collagen containing fibrils where it also interacts with proteoglycans (7, 8). This interaction may be critical for the compartmentalization of matrix components during development (9).

The importance of type X collagen during bone development is evidenced by its mutations in a human limb disorder Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD)¹ (10, 11). The type X collagen molecule consists of three 1(X) chains. Each 1(X) chain contains three domains, a central helical domain (COL1) flanked by the C-terminal and N-terminal noncollagenous domains (NC1 and NC2) (12). The C-terminal NC1 domain appears to be essential for at least some of the functions of type X collagen, because most of the mutations identified in the SMCD patients have been localized there (13, 14).

The NC1 domain of type X collagen is highly conserved among species (15), with that of the human and avian molecules sharing 77.7% identity at the amino acid level. Potentially important structural features, such as 13 tyrosine residues, an unpaired cysteine residue, and a putative N-linked oligosaccharide attachment site are all conserved within the NC1 domain of human and avian type X collagen. Also, all the residues within the NC1 domain mutated in the SMCD patients are conserved between human and avian 1(X). These data, when taken together, suggest that the NC1 domain of type X from different species plays a similar or identical roles, such as in the assembly of type X collagen.

It has been proposed that the NC1 of type X is important for the triple helical assembly of the collagen, similar to the function of the NC1 domains from fibrillar collagens (10). 1(X) molecules that harbor certain SMCD mutation are unable to form a triple helix as analyzed by either in vitro translation (11) or cell transfections (16). In addition, the NC1 domain of type X collagen may perform other functions. Unlike the procollagen C-terminal extensions, which are removed after a helix is assembled and secreted, the intact type X with the NC1 domain is found in hypertrophic cartilage matrix (17). It may mediate intermolecular associations of type X, such as formation of a hexagonal lattice (6) and interactions with proteoglycans (7).

Recent cloning data have shown that there is a family of molecules, which include both collagenous and noncollagenous molecules, that contain a homologous NC1 domain at their C termini (Fig. 1). The collagenous molecules include 1(X); 1 and 2 chains of type VIII collagen (18); a, b, and c chains of C1q, the first component of the complement system (19); three plasma proteins that are associated with mammalian hibernation, HP-20, -25, and -27 (20); an adipose-specific protein that is dysregulated in obesity, AdipoQ (Acrp30) (21, 22); and an inner ear-specific protein (23). The noncollagenous molecules include two chains of precerebellin, which are expressed specifically in cerebellum during neurogenesis and synapse formation (24); and multimerin, a massive protein found in platelets and endothelial cells (25). Multimerin consists of a series of varying sized disulfide-linked multimers, the smallest of which is a homotrimer (26). The functions of NC1 in these noncollagenous molecules are not known.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Schematic of known members of the NC1(X) domain family. 1) Collagenous molecules: 1(X), 1(VIII), 2(VIII), C1qA, C1qB, C1qC, hibernation-associated proteins (HP): HP-20, HP25, and HP-27, AdipoQ (Acrp30), and inner ear specific protein. 2) Noncollagenous molecules: two forms of precerebellin: one with a transmembrane domain, and one without a transmembrane domain; and multimerin.

In this study, we have analyzed the functions of the NC1 domain by expressing and characterizing two noncollagenous peptides containing the NC1 domain from avian 1(X). The peptide comprised only of the NC1 domain, is sufficient to form a trimer and a series of higher order multimers of this trimeric unit. The other peptide comprised of the NC1 domain plus a noncollagenous A domain from cartilage matrix protein (matrilin 1) at the N terminus, forms homotrimers by itself, and a series of heterotrimers with the NC1 peptide. These data suggest that the NC1 domain of collagen X functions as a novel nucleation site for trimer and multimer formation, both for collagenous and noncollagenous molecules.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Construction and Expression of Recombinant NC1 and A-NC1-- For the NC1 construct, a cDNA fragment correspondent to the 162 amino acid sequence of the NC1 domain from avian 1(X) (Thr⁵¹³ to Ile⁶⁷⁴) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from a plasmid pNY3116 (12, 27). The polymerase chain reaction primers (5'-GCC CCG GGA CAA TCC CAG AAG GTT AT-3', and 5'-ATA AGC TTA GAT TTG AGC AAA TAG-3') contained a XbaI and a HindIII site at the respective 5' and 3' end. The fragment was then cloned into a pQE32 (type IV) (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, CA) to carry a six histidine-tag at its N terminus. For the A-NC1 construct, a cDNA fragment (582 base pairs) of the A2 domain from avian cartilage matrix protein (CMP) was amplified from a mini-CMP cDNA (28) with a pair of primers carrying XbaI sites (5'-TTC CCG GGG CTT GCA GTG GTG GGT CA-3', 5'-TTC CCG GGA TCT TCC TCA ACG CAG AT-3'). After digestion with XbaI, the A2 fragment was ligated into the XbaI site 5' upstream of the NC1 insert in the expression vector. This ligation created a chimeric molecule with the A2 domain at its 5' end and the NC1 domain at its 3' end. Both cDNA constructs were sequenced to confirm the correct reading frame and no spontaneous point mutations. The recombinant plasmids were transfected into competent M15 Escherichia coli. The expression of the His-tagged peptides were induced with 2 mM isopropylthio--D-galactoside.

Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Peptides under Native Conditions-- Cell pellets were suspended in lysis buffer (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, 1 mM lysozyme, 1 mM PMSF, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0) and incubated in ice for 30 min. After centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 30 min, the supernatant was loaded on Ni-NTA slurry column (Qiagen). After washing with washing buffer (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, 1 mM PMSF, 40 mM imidazole, pH 8.0), the recombinant peptide was eluted with elution buffer (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, 1 mM PMSF, 300 mM imidazole, pH 8.0).

Peptide Purification under Denatured Conditions and Refolding-- Cell pellets were incubated in urea lysis buffer (8 M urea, 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄, 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) at room temperature overnight with shaking. After centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 30 min, the supernatant was loaded on Ni-NTA slurry column. For purification under denatured conditions, the column was eluted with 8 M urea, 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄, and 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 4.5. For refolding, the column was washed with wash buffer (8 M urea, 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄, 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.3) until A₂₈₀ to 0.01, then the slurry was divided into two parts for refolding in liquid and solid phases. For the liquid phase folding, a denatured peptide was eluted with elution buffer (8 M urea, 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄, 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 4.5), followed by dialysis in urea step gradient buffers (6-0 M urea, 500 mM NaCl, 20% glycerol, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.4) in an 8 h refolding process. For the solid phase folding, the peptide was first refolded on the column with the same urea step gradient buffers over the same period of time (8 h). After refolding, the peptide was eluted with imidazole elution buffer (400 mM imidazole, 500 mM NaCl, 20% glycerol, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.4). For co-refolding of the NC1 and A2-NC1 peptides, equal amounts of the bacterial cultures expressing the NC1 and A2-NC1 peptides were mixed. The peptide mixture was purified and refolded on a solid phase, identical to the procedure for a single peptide described above. The concentration of total protein was determined with BCA protein assay reagent kit (Pierce).

SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Cross-linking Assay-- Cross-linking was carried out with BS³ (Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate) (Pierce), a water-insoluble, homobifunction-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester analog (spacer arm length 11.4 Å). 10 µM of the refolded NC1 peptides were mixed with various concentration of BS³ and incubated at room temperature with a gentle shake for 1 h followed by adding Tris-HCl buffer (final concentration: 50 mM) to stop the reaction.

The samples were loaded on a 10% SDS-PAGE for electrophoresis. For reducing conditions, samples were mixed with 5× SDS gel loading buffer containing 15% -mercaptoethanol, 15% SDS, 1.5% bromphenol blue, and 50% glycerol. For nonreducing conditions, the 4× loading buffer contains 16% SDS and 1% bromphenol blue. Sometimes the nonreducing buffer contains 2 M urea. The presence of urea in loading buffer does not affect dissociation properties of NC1 peptides. Samples were boiled for 10 min before loading when required. Gels were stained with Coomassie Blue.

Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry-- Refolded NC1 peptides (300 µg/ml in 500 mM NaCl, 20% glycerol, 500 mM NaH₂PO₄, pH 7.4) were prepared for mass spectrometry by the dried droplet method in which the protein solution and a solution of sinapinic acid matrix (0.5 µl each) were mixed and air-dried. The crystals were then rinsed with 10 µl of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Spectrum was obtained with STR Perseptive Biosystems (Framingham, MA). It primarily shows the monomeric NC1 (20,554 Da), with small peaks corresponding to dimer (41,102 Da) and trimer (61,687 Da). Another spectrum was obtained in similar fasion but after heating the sample to 90 °C for 5 min with similar results.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Construction of Two Peptides Containing the NC1 Domain and Experimental Design-- To characterize the function of the NC1(X) domain, two molecules containing this domain were created. The first peptide, NC1, consists of the C-terminal 162 amino acid residues of 1(X), and thus comprises the entire NC1 domain (Fig. 2A). This peptide is devoid of any triple helical (Gly-X-Y) residues, and thus can be used to test whether the NC1 domain alone is sufficient to form a trimer and higher order multimers.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Construction of the two molecules containing the NC1 and experimental strategy. Question 1 (Q1): Is the NC1 domain alone sufficient to form a trimer? Question 2 (Q2): Is the NC1 domain sufficient to form multimers? Question 3 (Q3): Is the NC1 domain sufficient to direct trimer formation of a noncollagenous molecule? Question 4 (Q4): Can the NC1 peptide and the A-NC1 peptide form heterotrimers via the NC1 domain? A2, the second A domain in CMP; CC, the coiled-coil domain at the C terminus of CMP.

To test whether the NC1 domain is sufficient to direct trimer formation of a noncollagenous molecule, the second peptide, A-NC1, is comprised of two domains: the NC1 domain at the C terminus and the entire A2 domain (194 amino acid residues) of avian CMP at the N terminus (Fig. 2B). Previous studies (29) have used a mini-CMP, which comprises a heptad-repeat domain at the C terminus and the A2 domain at the N terminus (Fig. 2B), to demonstrate that the heptad-repeat domain forms a three-chain coiled-coil thereby facilitating the trimer formation of the molecule. This trimer then is covalently stabilized by the intermolecular disulfide bonds involving the two cysteines at the N terminus of the heptad repeat (29). The chimeric peptide construct that we designed deleted the coiled-coil domain and the cysteine residues, and replaced these with the X-NC1 domain. If the NC1 domain functions as the coiled-coil domain, it would direct trimer formation of the A-NC1, as does the coiled-coil in mini-CMP. Finally, the two peptides, A-NC1 and NC1, would be refolded together in vitro. This is to test whether they form heterotrimers via the NC1 domain. The number of the co-refolding products would confirm their trimeric states (i.e. four products are expected for the formation of trimers) (Fig. 2C).

Bacterial Synthesis and Assembly of a Native NC1 Peptide into a Trimeric Form-- We observed that E. coli containing a His-tag bacterial expression vector encoding the NC1 domain assembled the newly synthesized peptides into a trimeric form under native conditions. Upon induction by isopropylthio--D-galactoside, E. coli expressed a 20-kDa peptide (Fig. 3A). This is the molecular mass predicted from the amino acid sequence of the peptide, and also of the NC1 monomer from authentic type X collagen (30). The expressed His-tagged NC1 peptide, when affinity purified from cytoplasm using Ni-NTA resin under native conditions, produced a His-tag protein that migrated on SDS-PAGE with a molecular mass of 45 kDa (Fig. 3B, lane 2). This apparent molecular weight is the same as that of the NC1 trimer isolated by bacterial collagenase digestion of authentic type X collagen from avian hypertrophic chondrocytes (30). The NC1 trimer is 45 kDa instead of 60 kDa, because of its compact conformation (30). Additional evidence for a trimeric form will be presented later. Some of the 45-kDa band was shifted to 20-kDa monomer after heating at 100 °C in a SDS-containing buffer (Fig. 3B, lane 3). This suggests that the native NC1 peptide alone is sufficient to form a trimer.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Expression of the NC1(X) peptide in E. coil. A, expression of recombinant NC1(X) was induced by 2 mM isopropylthio--D-galactoside (lane 1); negative control without induction (lane 2). The arrow points to the induced 20-kDa peptide. Cell lysates were heated for 10 min before loading. B, NC1(X) was expressed and purified under native and denatured conditions. The NC1 peptides were purified with His-tag affinity chromatography, and quantified by a BCA protein assay reagent kit (Pierce). SDS-PAGE analysis was performed with an equal amount of purified peptides loaded in each lane under reducing conditions. Lane 1, molecular weight marker; lanes 2 and 3, the NC1 peptide purified under native conditions; lane 4, the NC1 peptide purified under denatured conditions (see "Methods and Material" for details). As indicated, the peptides were either heated for 10 min at 100 °C or without heating prior to loading.

In Vitro Folding-- Analysis of the intracellular location of the recombinant protein within the bacteria indicated that less than 10% of the protein was in a soluble form; more than 90% of the recombinant protein was insoluble in inclusion bodies (data not shown). To isolate large quantities of the recombinant protein for further analysis, the insoluble fraction was purified under denaturing conditions. The denatured peptide existed as a 20-kDa monomer, and a 40-kDa putative dimer. However, no 45-kDa trimeric form was visible (Fig. 3B, lane 4).

The denatured peptide was tested for its ability to undergo refolding in solution by a step wise dilution of denaturants (see "Materials and Methods"). The resulting material formed an insoluble precipitate that upon SDS-PAGE analysis was still monomers and dimers (Fig. 4, lanes 2 and 3). We reasoned that to achieve the native trimeric state may require that the NC1 peptide monomers first undergo intramolecular folding to achieve a stable monomeric configuration, before they undergo intermolecular association to form a trimer. To test this hypothesis, we prevented premature intermolecular aggregation by immobilizing one end of the peptide through its His-tag to a Ni-NTA column. The immobilized peptide was then renatured with the same step wise dilution of denaturants as employed in solution. After the solid-phase refolding, the renatured material that was eluted from the column was a 45-kDa trimer (Fig. 4, lane 4). It was shifted to a 20-kDa monomer after heating at 100 °C (Fig. 4, lane 5).

View larger version (44K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   In vitro refolding of denatured NC1(X) peptides. Purified NC1(X) peptide in a buffer containing 8 M urea was subjected to renaturation by a step wise dilution of the denaturant. The refolding process was performed with denatured NC1 peptides either in solution (lanes 2 and 3, liquid phase refolding), or immobilized on a column (lanes 4 and 5, solid phase refolding). Conditions such as the length of folding time and solutions used in each step were identical between liquid and solid phase refolding. As indicated, the samples were either heated for 10 min at 100 °C or without heating prior to electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Lane 1, molecular weight markers.

To demonstrate that the refolded NC1, seen as a 45-kDa band on gels, was actually a trimer, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry was performed. The refolded peptides were subject to dissociation process by removing salts from the solution. The resulting spectrum primarily showed the monomeric peak at 20.6 kDa, with small dimer and trimer peaks at 41.1 and 61.7 kDa, respectively. Thus, the refolded NC1 was a trimer with a molecular mass of 61.7 kDa.

Thermal Stability of the NC1 Trimer-- To determine the thermal stability of the NC1 domain, the refolded NC1 peptides were incubated at different temperatures (70, 80, 90, and 100 °C) before analysis by SDS-PAGE. The trimers were resistant to thermal denaturation up to 90 °C under reducing conditions (Fig. 5). At 90 °C, the majority of the NC1 domain still remained as trimers (Fig. 5). Only at 100 °C were the trimers separated completely into monomers (Fig. 5).

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Thermostability of the NC1 (X) trimer. The refolded NC1(X) peptides were subjected to heating at 70 °C (lane 1), 80 °C (lane 2), 90 °C (lane 3), or 100 °C (lane 4) for 10 min before loading to a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. As indicated, electrophoresis was performed under both reducing and nonreducing conditions.

To determine whether disulfide bonds were involved in the thermal stability of the NC1 domain, the NC1 trimers were incubated in the absence of reducing reagents. Similar to the results under reducing conditions, the trimers became completely separated only at 100 °C (Fig. 5). Thus, disulfide bonds were not involved in the thermal stability of the NC1 trimer.

Multimeric Forms of NC1 by Cross-linking-- To further characterize the association of the NC1 peptides, we performed a cross-linking experiment with a cross-linker BS³. The spacer arm length of BS³ is 11.4 Å. Therefore, neighboring peptides whose distance is equal to or less than 11.4 Å will be covalently cross-linked by BS³. The refolded NC1 peptides were incubated in a series of solutions with different concentrations of BS³ (Fig. 6). In a solution with an equal ratio of cross-linker to NC1, a ladder of bands appeared above the trimer (Fig. 6, arrows in the middle panel). The smallest of this series of bands was the 45-kDa NC1 trimer. Therefore, the NC1 trimer formed higher order multimers in solution. After heating to 100 °C, the cross-linked sample included, in the least, monomers (20 kDa), dimers (40 kDa), and trimers (60 kDa) (Fig. 6, arrows in the right panel). The unheated native NC1 trimer migrated at the 45-kDa position faster than a heated denatured trimer. This is probably because of the compact configuration of the native peptides. With excessive cross-linker (1,000 times of that of NC1), the NC1 peptides remained as a high molecular polymer under both heating and nonheating conditions (Fig. 6, arrowheads).

View larger version (57K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   The NC1(X) peptide is sufficient to form multimers. The NC1(X) peptide was cross-linked by BS3 for 1 h at room temperature. As indicated, the molar ratio of BS3/NC1 was 0, 1, and 1,000, respectively. Samples were loaded either after heating at 100 °C for 10 min or without heating as indicated. The arrows point to a series of multimers under both heating and nonheating conditions. The arrowheads point to a large polymer formed under a condition with excessive cross-linkers.

Trimer Formation of the Chimeric A-NC1 Peptide-- To test whether the NC1 domain facilitates trimer formation of a noncollagenous molecule, a chimeric A-NC1 peptide was purified under denatured conditions and refolded on a solid phase. With SDS-PAGE performed without heating, this material contained three forms (Fig. 7). The smallest was the 40-kDa form, the predicted molecular mass of an A-NC1 monomer. The second was 100 kDa, consistent with a native trimeric form following refolding (see below). The third was 200 kDa, twice the molecular mass of the trimer and most probably a hexamer. After heating to 100 °C, both of the multimeric forms shifted to the monomeric 40-kDa form (Fig. 7).

View larger version (66K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7.   The A-NC1 peptide forms multimers. Refolded A-NC1 peptides were subjected to electrophoresis under reducing conditions on a 10% SDS-PAGE. Lanes 1, 2, and 3, the order of peptide collections eluted from the refolding Ni-NTA column. The arrows indicate monomers at 40 kDa, putative trimers at 100 kDa, and putative hexamers at 200 kDa. Note more multimers were eluted in later collections, which resulted from more interactions between His-tags and Ni-NTA in a multimer than a monomer.

To demonstrate that the 100-kDa form was, in fact, an A-NC1 trimer, denatured A-NC1 peptide was refolded together with the NC1 peptide. If both the A-NC1 and the NC1 peptides form trimers, co-refolding of these two peptides should result in four products, the 100 kDa (A-NC1)₃, the 45 kDa (NC1)₃, and two heterotrimers (A-NC1)₂NC1 and A-NC1(NC1)₂ between 100 and 45 kDa (Fig. 2). The molecular mass of the (A-NC1)₂NC1 should be above 72.5 kDa (the average of the molecular weights of the two homotrimers), and the molecular mass of the A-NC1(NC1)₂ is expected to be below 72.5 kDa.

Upon analysis by SDS-PAGE, the co-refolded material shows the predicted four products (Fig. 8). Thus, the A-NC1 peptide and the NC1 peptide can form heterotrimers via the NC1 domain.

View larger version (77K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8.   The A-NC1 and NC1 peptides form heterotrimers. Co-refolded A-NC1 and NC1 peptides were subjected to electrophoresis under reducing nonheating conditions. Lanes A, B, and C, three different collections of peptides eluted from the co-refolding Ni-NTA column. The arrows point to the four co-refolding products. 1, (A-NC1)3; 2, (A-NC1)2(NC1); 3, (A-NC1)(NC1)2; and 4, (NC1)3.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

In collagens, it is well established that triple helix formation is initiated at the carboxyl-terminal end, where the individual chains are maintained in register by interchain disulfide links (31). In some collagens (e.g. homotrimer type XII collagen), disulfide bond formation requires triple helix and thus will not occur in the absence of prolylhydroxylase (32). Formation of the type IX collagen NC1 heterotrimers also requires some adjacent triple helical segments, although in this case, a triple helical conformation is not necessary (33). The trimeric NC1 domain of avian type X collagen is unique in that it does not contain interchain disulfide bonds. Another puzzling fact is that a homologous NC1(X) domain has been found at the C terminus of some molecules that do not contain any triple helical sequences at all (Fig. 1).

We have demonstrated here that peptides of the NC1 domain of type X are sufficient to form trimers without adjacent triple helical segments. This suggests that the NC1 domain alone is sufficient for chain association and proper trimeric assembly. The NC1(X) forms an extraordinary stable trimer without any disulfide bonds. The trimeric interaction of the NC1 is resistant to denaturing conditions of SDS-PAGE, as is that of the native molecule (30). Under such conditions noncovalently linked subunits of most molecules would be dissociated. For example, the CMP trimer, which is held together by a C-terminal coiled-coil, is dissociated into monomers under denaturing conditions if disulfide bonds are not present (29). In contrast, we have shown that, when the coiled-coil domain of CMP is replaced by the NC1 domain, the NC1 domain is able to hold the mini-CMP trimer together under such reducing conditions.

The noncovalent association of the NC1(X) is highly thermostable. Only at 100 °C did the trimer become completely dissociated. It was known that the intact native type X collagen can be dissociated only by boiling in the presence of detergents (30). Our data suggest that the NC1 domain is responsible for this remarkable stability of collagen X. The stability of the NC1 may also contribute to the rapid renaturation of collagen X after thermal denaturation. The denaturation temperature (T_m) of the helical structure of avian collagen X is 47 °C (30). It has been found previously that, after thermal denaturation at 55 °C, more than 60% of the helical structure from intact type X was reformed after 40 min. However, without the NC1, the collagenous domain renatured 15% at most, even after 24 h (30). Our data have shown that the NC1 peptide remains as a trimer under thermal denaturation up to 90 °C. This suggests that at a denaturing temperature between 47 °C and 90 °C the NC1 domain would still hold trimers together, thus maintaining proper chain registration and allowing rapid renaturation of the adjacent triple helix.

In vitro refolding of NC1 suggests that to achieve proper trimeric assembly of the molecule, premature interchain association has to be prevented. It is possible that a chaperon may perform such a function in vivo, as does immobilization on a solid phase in vitro. This "chaperon" hypothesis is consistent with the recent finding that protein disulfide isomerase, a chaperon candidate molecule, binds to type X during folding to prevent premature association by an interaction that is not dependent on the presence of cysteines in the peptide (34).

Our data suggest that the NC1 domain of collagen X directs two levels of polymerization. The first is from monomer to trimer, and the second is from trimer to multimers. This multimeric association exists in solution, as revealed by the cross-linking experiment. The distance of neighboring trimers should be no more than 11.4 Å (1.14 nm), which is the spacer arm length of the cross-linker BS³. Because the NC1 domain is sufficient to form intermolecular self-associations without the collagenous domain, the NC1 domain may act as a nucleation site to initiate the multimeric self-assembly of collagen X. This provides a structural mechanism for the electron microscopic observations that type X undergoes self-association (35) and forms a multimeric hexagonal lattice (6).

We have shown that the NC1(X) domain is also capable of directing trimer and higher order multimer formation in a noncollagenous molecule. This suggests that a homologous NC1 domain at the C terminus of a noncollagenous molecule, such as multimerin, may be responsible for multimerization of this molecule. The multimeric state of precerebellin, the other noncollagenous protein with a homologous NC1 domain at its C terminus, is not known. In the light of the present data, it will be intriguing to test whether precerebellin forms trimers and higher order multimers during synapse formation.

The structural features within the NC1(X) domain which direct trimer and multimer formation remain to be determined. Computer analysis of the secondary structure of the NC1(X) indicates that the NC1 peptide may be a novel structural entity comprised of multiple  sheets and loops.² The elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of this domain will rely on x-ray crystallography and mutational analysis of the peptide.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank Phyllis LuValle for providing the plasmid pYN3116, A. Daniel Jones for performing mass spectra, and Tom Linsenmayer for critical reading of the manuscript.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This study was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AG14399 and AG000811 (to Q. C.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^§ An Arthritis Investigator from the Arthritis Foundation. To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 717-531-4835; Fax: 717-531-7583; E-mail: qchen@ortho.hmc.psu.edu.

² Y. Zhang and Q. Chen, unpublished data.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: SMCD, Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia; NC1, noncollagenous domain 1; CMP, cartilage matrix protein; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; BS³, bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate; Ni-NTA, nickel nitrilotriacetic acid.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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