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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 36, 25499-25509, September 3, 1999
§,,,, and¶
From the Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and
¶ Department of Medicine, New York Medical College,
Valhalla, New York 10595
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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In the standard model of cytokine-induced signal
transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family
signaling to the cell nucleus, it is assumed that STAT3 is recruited to the cytoplasmic side of the cell surface receptor complex from within a
cytosolic monomer pool. By using Superose-6 gel-filtration chromatography, we have discovered that there is little monomeric STAT3
(91 kDa) in the cytosol of liver cells (human hepatoma Hep3B cell line
and rat liver). The bulk of STAT3 (and STAT1, STAT5a, and -b) was
present in the cytosol as high molecular mass complexes in two broad
distributions in the size range 200-400 kDa ("statosome I") and
1-2 MDa ("statosome II"). Upon treatment of Hep3B cells with
interleukin-6 (IL-6) for 30 min (i) cytosolic tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 was found to be in complexes of size ranging from 200-400 kDa to
1-2 MDa; (ii) a small pool of monomeric STAT3 and
tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 eluting at 80-100 kDa was observed, and
(iii) most of the cytoplasmic DNA-binding competent STAT3 (the
so-called SIF-A "homodimer") co-eluted with catalase at 230 kDa. In
order to identify the protein components of the 200-400-kDa statosome
I cytosolic complexes, we used the novel technique of
antibody-subtracted differential protein display using anti-STAT3
antibody. Eight polypeptides in the size range from 20 to 114 kDa
co-shifted with STAT3; three of these (p60, p20a, and p20b) were
co-shifted in an IL-6-dependent manner. In-gel tryptic
fragmentation and mass spectroscopy identified the major
IL-6-dependent STAT3-co-shifted p60 protein as the
chaperone GRP58/ER-60/ERp57. Taken together, these data (i) emphasize
the absence of a detectable STAT3 monomer pool in the cytosol of
cytokine-free liver cells as posited by the standard model, and (ii)
suggest an alternative model for STAT signaling in which STAT3 proteins function in the cytoplasm as heteromeric complexes with accessory scaffolding proteins, including the chaperone GRP58.
Cytokines play an important role in the communication between
mammalian cells as exemplified by their role in mediating the "acute
phase" response to infection and injury (1, 2). Many cytokines, such
as the interferons, interleukins
(IL),1 and hematopoietic
growth factors, are currently in widespread therapeutic use against
various forms of human cancer (3). Some cytokines, such as
interleukin-6 (IL-6), are invariably present at the host-tumor
interface (1-3). A common feature of many cytokines is that they
engage the class of "non-tyrosine kinase" cell surface receptors
that signal to the cell nucleus by activation of the JAK-STAT signaling
pathway (Fig. 1A, the
"standard" model; figure based on reviews by Heinrich and
colleagues (4); Darnell (5), Leonard and O'Shea (6), and Taga and
Kishimoto (7)).
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1.
Models for cytokine-induced JAK-STAT
signaling. A, the "standard" model based upon Refs.
4-7. B, the statosome model.
The cytokine IL-6 is a major systemic mediator of the acute phase
response to infection and injury which includes increased production of
various acute phase plasma proteins by the liver (e.g.
fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, 
1-antichymotrypsin, etc) and
enhanced immune function (increased B-cell differentiation and T-cell
activation) (1-3). IL-6 knockout mice have a profound defect in their
ability to mount an acute phase plasma protein response to sterile
inflammation (reviewed in Ref. 4). The IL-6-type cytokines (which
include IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and
cardiotrophin) signal to the cell interior through cell surface
receptors which include the common gp130 signal-transducing chain (Fig.
1A) (1-7). In the case of IL-6, the cytokine binds to the
-chain ("IL-6R") of the receptor (either in the cell
surface-attached IL-6R form or the soluble IL-6R form), and this
binary complex then binds cell surface-attached gp130 inducing
dimerization of the latter (Fig. 1A) (1-7). This dimerization of gp130 triggers activation of JAK family tyrosine kinases (primarily JAK1, also JAK2 and Tyk2) associated with the cytoplasmic tail of gp130, by Tyr phosphorylation in trans
of the JAK kinases thus leading to their activation (4-7). The
activated JAK kinases carry out Tyr phosphorylation of up to five
discrete "docking" sites in the cytoplasmic tail of gp130 (8, 9). These Tyr-phosphorylated docking sites in gp130 are thought to "recruit" monomeric STAT3 (91 kDa) and to a lesser extent STAT1 via
the src homology domain 2 of the respective STAT proteins (Fig. 1A) (4). This "recruitment" event is followed by
Tyr phosphorylation (PY) of the STAT proteins by the JAK kinases to give PY-STAT3, the departure of PY-STAT3 from gp130 by an unknown mechanism, dimerization of the PY-STATs, and the movement from the
cytoplasm to the nucleus of PY-STAT3 through an unknown mechanism (Fig.
1A) (4-7). In the nuclear compartment, PY-STAT dimers bind target DNA motifs and other transcription factors and thus modulate gene expression (Fig. 1A) (4-7). Additional Ser
phosphorylation of STAT proteins modulates the DNA binding competence
of these signal transducers (4-7). Recently, the x-ray structures of
the amino-terminal part of STAT4 (123 amino acids), of STAT3
(a
partially truncated version of STAT3) bound to its cognate DNA site,
and that of STAT1 bound to DNA (10-12) have been solved. STAT dimers bind DNA in the form of a pair of pliers (11, 12).
The IL-6-responsive elements in the promoters of many plasma protein genes contain STAT3-binding sites, and STAT3 is the major signal transducer protein involved (reviewed in Refs. 1, 2, 4, and 7). More generally, for IL-6-type cytokines in diverse cell types, STAT3 (originally called acute phase response factor in 1993 (13)) is the major signal transducer from the cell membrane to the cell nucleus, with the liver (the hepatocyte) being a major physiological site for IL-6 action (Fig. 1) (1, 2, 4-7, 14-16). STAT3, which is ubiquitously present in diverse cell types, is also the major signal transducer for a large number of additional cytokines and growth factors (4-7). Stat3 gene knock-out in mice is embryonically lethal, attesting to the non-redundant role for this member of the STAT family (reviewed in Ref. 4).
In the standard model presented in Fig. 1A (4-7), it is assumed that STAT3 is recruited to the receptor complex from within a cytosolic monomer pool. However, no experimental data exist in the literature to support this assumption. The model in Fig. 1A usually depicts at least the transient presence of phosphotyrosine- and phosphoserine-containing dimers of STAT3 in the cytoplasmic compartment which should be DNA-binding competent. However, except for an early study (13), there is little information about DNA-binding competent STAT3 in the cytoplasmic compartment.
We have previously reported that the wild-type form of the transcription factor p53 can function as a transcriptional repressor and can inhibit the response of human hepatoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells to IL-6 (17-22). Further investigation of the mechanism of inhibition of the response of hepatoma cells to IL-6 by wild-type p53 led to the discovery of a novel cellular phenomenon that we called "STAT masking" (21, 22). Unexpectedly, we observed that STAT3 immunofluorescence was markedly reduced in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments when human hepatoma Hep3B cells lines constitutively expressing the p53-Val-135 temperature-sensitive mutant of p53 (mutant at 37 °C and wild-type-like at 32.5 °C) grown at 32.5 °C for at least 20 h were treated with IL-6 (21, 22). This dramatic and marked loss of immunological accessibility of cellular STAT3, without any degradation of the protein per se, occurred within 20-30 min of IL-6 addition and lasted 2-4 h (STAT masking; Refs. 21 and 22). As the simplest hypothesis, STAT masking suggested the accumulation of a p53-Val-135-inducible gene product(s) which formed a complex with STAT3 in an IL-6-dependent manner and thus "masked" its immunological accessibility (21, 22).
In this article we report experimental data indicating that almost all
STAT3 in the cytosol of cytokine-free or IL-6-treated hepatocytes
exists in the form of high molecular mass protein assemblies of size in
the range 200-400 kDa ("statosome I") and 1-2 MDa ("statosome
II"). We also extend these observations to STAT1, STAT5a, and STAT5b
for both the Hep3B and primary rat liver cytoplasmic compartments. We
devised the novel technique of antibody-subtracted differential protein
display using anti-STAT3 antibody to help identify protein components
of the statosome I complexes. Eight polypeptides in the size range from
20 to 114 kDa co-shifted with STAT3; three of these (p60, p20a, and
p20b) were co-shifted in an IL-6-dependent manner. The p60
protein was identified to be the chaperone GRP58/ER-60/ERp57. Taken
together, the new data (i) emphasize the absence of a detectable STAT3
monomer pool in the cytosol of cytokine-free liver cells as posited by
the standard model, and (ii) suggest an alternative model for STAT
signaling in which STAT3 proteins function in the cytoplasm as
complexes with novel accessory scaffolding proteins, including the
chaperone GRP58.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Hepatoma Hep3B Cell Lines-- The p53-free parental human hepatoma Hep3B cell line, a series of 11 stably transfected cell lines constitutively expressing p53-Val-135, and 7 control cell lines expressing pSVneo alone have been described earlier (20-22). Hep3B (Line 1) used in many of the experiments illustrated in this article is a p53-Val-135-expressing cell line (20-22). Parental Hep3B and Line 1 cells gave similar results in the experiments reported in this article.
IL-6 Treatment-- Hep3B-derived cell lines were grown to confluence in 100-mm Petri dishes (10 ml of culture medium/dish) at 37 °C as described earlier (20-22). Cultures were then either continued at 37 °C or shifted to 32.5 °C for 18-20 h (20-22). For IL-6 treatment, cultures were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline at the designated temperature, then replenished with 3 ml of serum-free medium, and allowed to stabilize for 4 h at the respective temperature. IL-6 (30 ng/ml) was then added for 30 min.
Cell Fractionation--
Hep3B-derived cell lines cultured in
100-mm plastic Petri dishes as described earlier (20-22) were
harvested by scraping into ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline and
fractionated into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions using hypotonic
swelling in ice-cold extract lysis buffer (ELB, 10 mM
Hepes, pH 7.9, 10 mM NaCl, 3 mM
MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.4 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 0.1 mM
sodium vanadate) using a loose-fitting Dounce homogenizer essentially
as described earlier (21-23). Approximately 1 ml of ELB buffer was
used per cell pellet derived from one 100-mm culture. The crude
cytoplasmic fraction was clarified by centrifugation at 15,000 × g for 15 min to yield the mitochondrial pellet (M) and the
clarified cytoplasmic supernatant. The latter was then centrifuged for
1 h at 100,000 × g in a Beckman TLC Tabletop
ultracentrifuge to yield the 100,000 × g pellet (CP,
the "P100") and the 100,000 × g cytosol (C, the
"S100"). The crude nuclear pellet was centrifuged through a 1.5 M sucrose cushion at 10,000 rpm for 10 min in an SW41
rotor. The purified nuclear pellet (N) was washed twice with ELB buffer
to remove the sucrose and then either extracted using an equal volume
(approximately 20 µl) of 0.6 M NaCl-containing ELB for 30 min on ice for preparation of extracts to be used in oligonucleotide
gel shift assays, or extracted with 0.1% SDS- and 0.5% Triton
X-100-containing buffer (SDS buffer, see Ref. 24) for analysis of total
proteins. For analyses of total STAT3 and PY-STAT3 in various
compartments, the M, CP, and N pellets were resuspended in 0.25 ml of
SDS buffer, whereas the corresponding 100,000 × g cytosol
was in a volume equivalent to 1 ml. All cellular fractions were stored
at 
70 °C. In some fractionation experiments, the reducing agent
DTT was omitted from the ELB buffer.
Rat Liver Cytosol--
Rat liver cytosol was prepared at 4 °C
as described previously for the purification and characterization of
20 S, 23 S, and 26 S proteasomes (25-27). Briefly, livers from male
Wistar rats were minced and homogenized in 3 volumes of buffer
containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM DTT, 2 mM ATP, and 0.25 M sucrose. The crude
cytoplasmic extract fraction was centrifuged at 100,000 × g
for 1 h to remove membrane debris, organelles, and insoluble material. The soluble rat liver 100,000 × g cytosol
was supplemented with 20% glycerol and stored at 70 °C.
Superose-6 Gel Filtration Chromatography (FPLC)--
Aliquots
(200 µl) of 100,000 × g cytosol or the nuclear
extracts previously frozen at 70 °C (350-400 µg total protein
for each extract) were rapidly thawed and re-clarified by
centrifugation at 15,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C
just before gel filtration chromatography. The extracts were
fractionated by Superose-6 sieving chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia
Biotech FPLC system, with separation range from 5 MDa to 50 kDa) in the
cold (4 °C). Loading and elution of the FPLC system was carried out
in ELB buffer. One-milliliter fractions were collected, each divided
into several 100-µl aliquots and stored at 70 °C until analyzed.
For the antibody-subtracted differential protein display, 200 µl of
the 100,000 × g cytosol samples were incubated with 10 µg of anti-STAT3 polyclonal antibody (clarified separately at
15,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C before mixing) in 150 mM NaCl for 2 h at 4 °C prior to Superose-6 FPLC. For DNA binding assays or Coomassie Blue staining of proteins, eluate
fractions were concentrated using Millipore Ultrafree Biomax-10K centrifugal filtration units (1 ml reduced to 25-30 µl).
Western Blot Analyses for STAT Proteins-- Western blot procedures used were as per the protocol provided by Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, KY, and the ECL detection kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, UK). When comparing whole cell extracts, aliquots containing equal total protein amounts in the range 30-40 µg (Bio-Rad Micro Assay, Bio-Rad) were loaded in each lane of particular Western blots. For Western blotting of Superose-6 eluate fractions, 100-µl aliquots previously frozen were thawed and 10 µl of 2× Laemmli loading buffer added (28), and the mixture was kept in a boiling water bath for 25 min with the caps of the Eppendorf tubes containing the samples open to allow a reduction in volume of the samples to 20 µl. In control experiments, no degradation of STAT proteins was observed when samples were subjected to this boiling procedure.
Immunoprecipitation for STAT3 and PY-STAT3 was performed in buffer containing 0.5% Triton X-100 and 0.1% SDS (24) using the respective polyclonal antibodies (pAb).
Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5a (marketed as anti-"STAT5") were purchased from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, KY), and murine mAb to STAT5b and rabbit pAb to STAT3 (C-20 and H-190) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA. The rabbit pAb anti-PY-STAT3 was purchased from New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA. The anti-STAT3 mAb from Transduction Laboratories was derived using the amino-terminal residues 1-175 in STAT3 as immunogen, whereas the anti-STAT3 pAb (C-20) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology was raised to a peptide corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal residues 750-769 in the STAT3 protein. The anti-PY-STAT3 pAb was raised to a synthetic phospho-Tyr-705 peptide corresponding to residues 701-709 of mouse STAT3. Anti-PIAS3 pAb was a gift from Dr. Ke Shuai (UCLA, Los Angeles, CA). Anti-HC8 proteasome subunit mAb was purchased from Organon Teknika Corp. (Durham, NC).
Quantitation of STAT3 in Cell Fractions-- For quantitation of STAT3 in the various cellular fractions, the Molecular Dynamics Storm PhosphorImager system was used (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA). Reagents for PhosphorImager quantitation were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech and used in accordance with procedures outlined in the reagent kit protocol. Briefly, the procedure was the same as for the peroxidase-based Western blot method outlined above except that an alkaline phosphatase-linked secondary antibody was used instead. The signals were amplified and detected by the Vistra ECF Substrate and scanned and quantitated by phosphorimaging.
DNA Gel-shift Assays-- STAT-specific DNA binding activity was assayed using the mutant "SIE" oligonucleotide derived from the c-fos promoter (purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) which yields the typical pattern of SIF-A, -B, and -C complexes in gel-shift assays corresponding to STAT3 "homodimer," STAT1/3 "heterodimer," and STAT1 "homodimer," respectively (reviewed in Refs. 4-7). The SIE oligonucleotide was 32P-labeled at its 5' ends using T4 polynucleotide kinase and used in electrophoretic mobility shift assays using procedures described earlier (29). Typically the binding buffer (15-µl reaction volume; 30 min incubation at room temperature) contained 40 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM EGTA, 0.5 mM DTT, 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.9, 4% (v/v) Ficoll, and 1 µg per reaction of poly(dI·dC)·poly(dI·dC) (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). DNA-protein complexes were separated by electrophoresis through 5% PAGE (acrylamide/bisacrylamide ratio, 30:0.8) in 0.2× TBE (0.02 M Tris, pH 8.3, 0.02 M boric acid, 0.25 mM EDTA, Ref. 29) at 300 V at 4 °C and dried for autoradiography. In antibody inhibition/supershifting experiments, cell extracts were incubated with antibody preparations for 30 min at room temperature in DNA-binding buffer prior to addition of 32P-labeled oligonucleotide for another 30 min.
Western Blotting of STAT Proteins following Native
PAGE--
One-dimensional native PAGE was performed using a 5%
polyacrylamide separating gel, cast with a 1.2-mm thick Teflon comb
spacer using the same buffer and electrophoresis conditions as for the DNA gel-shift assays (see above) and the Bio-Rad Protean II xi electrophoresis unit (Bio-Rad). Hep3B 100,000 × g
cytosolic extracts (25-75 µl) prepared from cells treated with or
without IL-6 for 30 min were adjusted to the composition of the DNA
gel-shift binding reaction buffer with or without the addition of
excess cold SIE oligonucleotide (see above) and electrophoresed through
5% native PAGE at 300 V for 3 h at 4 °C. Prestained molecular
weight markers were placed in adjacent lanes on each side of the lane
containing the extract (203 kDa, myosin; 116 kDa, -galactosidase,
and 83 kDa, bovine serum albumin; Bio-Rad, broad range). (The location of the prestained marker proteins in the respective figures is to
indicate solely where the respective proteins were located and not
necessarily an indication of the relationship between mobility and
molecular mass.) Proteins resolved through native PAGE were analyzed by
electroblotting and probing using anti-STAT mAb.
Silver Staining of Proteins in SDS-PAGE-- Aliquots of FPLC eluate fractions (100 µl boiled down to 20 µl; see above) were electrophoresed through either 7.5 or 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and stained using the Silver Stain Plus kit from Bio-Rad.
Protein Identification by Mass Spectroscopy--
Coomassie
Blue-stained protein bands were excised from SDS-PAGE gels using a
scalpel and digested in situ with trypsin (Promega, Madison,
WI) as described by Rosenfeld and colleagues (30) except that the
detergent Tween 20 was absent from the digestion buffers. The digests
containing the gel bits were extracted in 50% acetonitrile, 0.1%
trifluoroacetic acid, concentrated using a SpeedVac to less than 10 µl, and desalted using a Zip-Tip (Millipore, Bedford, MA). An aliquot
of the digest was mixed with an equal volume of matrix material
(-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Sigma) as a saturated solution in
50% acetonitrile, 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid), and ion masses were
determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of
flight mass spectroscopy (Kratos KOMPACT MALDI III). Data bases were
searched at 0.08% mass accuracy with the MS-Fit algorithm (University
of California at San Francisco web site) to identify the digested protein.
Additional Reagents--
Human IL-6 (Escherichia
coli-derived) was purchased from R & D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis,
MN), and anti-GRP58 pAb was from StressGen Biotechnologies Corp.
(Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada).
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RESULTS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Cellular Compartmentation and Cytoplasm to Nuclear Transit of STAT3
in IL-6-stimulated Hepatocytes--
We verified the extent of movement
of STAT3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the Hep3B cell lines in
this laboratory (control parental cell lines and p53-Val-135-containing
lines) upon IL-6 addition at both 37 and 32.5 °C using a combination
of cell fractionation and biochemical techniques (direct Western
blotting for total STAT3 and for PY-STAT3; and immunoprecipitation of
metabolically labeled STAT3 ([35S]methionine)). Fig.
2 is a composite summary of experiments
in which the migration of STAT3 from cytoplasm to nucleus was evaluated by Western blotting. Briefly, Hep3B cells (Line 1) treated with IL-6
(30 ng/ml) for 30 min (the same time point as the maximal appearance of
DNA binding activity in the nuclear compartment in these cells; see
Refs. 21 and 22) were fractionated by Dounce homogenization and
differential centrifugation to yield the following fractions:
15,000 × g mitochondrial pellet (MP), a 100,000 × g cytoplasmic pellet (CP), 100,000 × g
cytosolic fraction (C), and the nuclear pellet purified through a 1.5 M sucrose cushion (N). Aliquots from each of these
fractions were solubilized in buffer containing 0.1% SDS and 0.5%
Triton (24) and evaluated directly with no intervening
immunoprecipitation step by Western blotting for STAT3 and PY-STAT3
following SDS-PAGE using PhosphorImager analysis for quantitation of
the Western blots. Data for total STAT3 were expressed with respect to
each compartment on a total per cell relative basis (Fig.
2A). PY-STAT3 data derived from IL-6-free cells were
normalized to the amount of total PY-STAT3 in the IL-6-treated cells
(Fig. 2B).
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It is evident from Fig. 2 that there occurred a robust translocation of STAT3 from cytoplasm to nucleus in our experimental system. At 30 min, 20-30% of the total cellular STAT3 was resident in the nuclear compartment. Furthermore, (i) most of the cellular PY-STAT3 was found in the nuclear compartment at 30 min (a result which is consistent with the model in Fig. 1A), and (ii) there was comparable STAT3 compartmentation into the nucleus as evaluated at 30 min after IL-6 treatment at the two temperatures (37 and 32.5 °C).
Similar data were obtained when [35S]methionine metabolically labeled total STAT3 was quantitated in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments 30 min after IL-6 treatment using immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, and autoradiography for quantitation (not shown).
We then investigated the state of the bulk of cellular STAT3 which was present in the 100,000 × g cytosolic supernatant (the so-called S100 cytosol preparation) using Superose-6 gel filtration chromatography. Was there a free 91-kDa STAT3 monomer pool in the cytoplasm of cytokine-free cells as posited by the standard model of STAT signaling (Fig. 1A)?
Superose-6 FPLC of Cytosolic STAT3 in Hep3B Cells: Statosome I
(200-400 kDa) and Statosome II (1-2 MDa)--
Aliquots (200 µl) of
the 100,000 × g cytosol prepared by Dounce
homogenization of Hep3B cells treated with or without IL-6 for 30 min
were size-fractionated using Superose-6 seiving chromatography, and the
presence STAT3 protein in the eluted fractions was assayed by SDS-PAGE
under reducing conditions and Western blotting without any intervening
immunoprecipitation step (Fig. 3,
A and B). Similarly, 200-µl aliquots of
extracts of Brij-58 (0.5%) washed nuclei prepared from Hep3B cells
without or with IL-6 treatment for 30 min were also fractionated
through Superose-6 FPLC, and STAT3 protein was assayed in the eluates
by Western blotting (Fig. 3, C and D).
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The data in Fig. 3A show that cytosolic STAT3 in cytokine-free Hep3B cells was distributed in two broad size classes, 200-400 kDa and 1-2 MDa. Very little, if any, monomeric STAT3 was observed in the 80-100-kDa region. Fig. 3D shows the marked increase of 200-400-kDa and some 1-2-MDa STAT3 in nuclear extracts from IL-6-treated cells.
It was unexpected to find that the latent STAT3 complexes in the cytoplasm of cytokine-free Hep3B cells (Fig. 3A) were at least as large as the conventionally accepted STAT3 "dimer" in the nuclear extract (Fig. 3D), supposedly of size at least 180 kDa. Also, as shown in Fig. 5, "monomeric" STAT3 displayed the expected elution at approximately 90-100 kDa in Superose-6 FPLC. Additionally, Fig. 3E is a reprobing of the Hep3B cytosol blot in Fig. 3A using an mAb to a protein designated as HC8 which is a subunit of the 20 S proteasome, a complex of approximately 700 kDa (27, 31). This internal control, eluting at the expected location in fractions 10 and 11, further validates the size fractionation obtained by Superose-6 FPLC in this experiment.
The inclusion or exclusion of the reducing agent DTT from the ELB hypotonic lysis buffer and the subsequent FPLC buffer yielded data similar to those in Fig. 3A. Additional controls have included the addition of an ATP-generating system and buffer containing 2 mM ATP in the hypotonic swelling buffer, without significant resulting changes in the gel-filtration profile of the STAT3. The almost complete absence of monomeric STAT3 in the cytosol was a surprise (see the standard model in Fig. 1A). While recognizing that there was a continuum of STAT3 complexes in the size range from 200-kDa to 2MDa, for convenience we term the major 200-400-kDa complexes as statosome I and the 1-2 MDa complexes as statosome II (model in Fig. 1B; also see model in Fig. 5 in Ref. 32).
Superose-6 Chromatography of Cytosolic PY-STAT3 and PIAS3 in
IL-6-treated Hep3B Cells--
The standard model in Fig. 1A
predicts a doubling in the size of cytoplasmic STAT3 upon tyrosine
phosphorylation (non-PY-STAT3 monomer to PY-STAT3 dimer). The
Superose-6 gel-filtration profile of total cytosolic STAT3 lacking PY,
i.e. from the IL-6 "untreated" control Hep3B culture,
was compared with that from Hep3B cells treated with IL-6 for 30 min,
and each of these Western blots reprobed for PY-STAT3. The data in Fig.
4, A and B, show
that the gel-filtration profile of total STAT3 was largely unchanged upon IL-6 treatment. The bulk of IL-6-induced PY-STAT3 was detected in
the cytosol in the size range 200-400 kDa (Fig. 4B).
Although these data may indeed reflect the presence of PY-STAT3 dimer, the data are also consistent with the alternative interpretation that
the "200-400-kDa" PY-STAT3 might not be exclusively a dimeric STAT
complex per se as represented in the standard model in Fig. 1A but be a PY-STAT3 monomer and/or dimer associated with
other proteins (Fig. 1B, statosome I-PY).
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One such candidate protein is the 68-kDa PIAS3 recently reported by Shuai and co-workers (33, 34). Reprobing the Western blots in Fig. 4 with anti-PIAS3 pAb showed that the 68-kDa PIAS3 eluted from the Superose-6 column in a position corresponding to 150-160 kDa (fraction 17), in both the PY-STAT3 and the non-PY-STAT3-containing elutions (Fig. 4, A and B). The PIAS3-containing fraction was distinct from those containing the bulk of PY-STAT3 (Fig. 4B).
Monomeric STAT3 in the Cytosol of IL-6-treated Hep3B
Cells--
The data illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 were derived by
Western blotting 100-µl aliquots of Superose-6 FPLC eluate fractions without any intervening immunoprecipitation step. In these experiments, little monomeric STAT3 was detected in the cytosol. In order to increase the sensitivity of the procedure to detect even small amounts
of monomeric STAT3 in the cytosol, we immunoprecipitated 0.5-ml
aliquots of each eluate fraction using anti-STAT3 pAb in detergent-containing buffer and then used an anti-STAT3 mAb for probing
the Western blots. Fig. 5A
confirms the detection of a broad size distribution of the bulk of the
STAT3 in Hep3B cytosol (1 MDa to 200 kDa). By using immunoprecipitation
to concentrate eluate fractions, a small pool of monomeric STAT3 was
detected in the cytosol of Hep3B cells eluting at 80-100 kDa but only
upon IL-6 treatment.
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Inspection of the anti-PY-STAT3 pAb-probed blot in Fig. 4B
(and its longer exposures) revealed the presence of some PY-STAT3 in
complexes >400 kDa (in fractions 10-14). By using immunoprecipitation with anti-STAT3 pAb to concentrate eluate fractions, PY-STAT3 can be
readily observed in STAT3 complexes >400 kDa (Fig. 5B). Comparing Figs. 4B with 5B, the PIAS3-containing
fraction (fraction 17 in Fig. 4B) remained resolvable from
the bulk of PY-STAT3. Finally, the free STAT3 monomer pool in
IL-6-treated cells included detectable PY-STAT3 (arrowhead
in Fig. 5B). These data are similar to the transient
detection in the cytoplasm of interferon-
-treated HeLa cells of
monomeric PY-STAT1 eluting at 80-100 kDa off Superose-12 FPLC
(32).
Where Does the Cytoplasmic Homodimeric DNA-binding Competent STAT3
Complex ("SIF-A") Elute Off Superose-6 FPLC?--
In order to
detect DNA-binding competent STAT3 in the cytosolic compartment, we
carried out electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) using the
mutant serum-inducible element (SIE) oligonucleotide probe derived from
the c-fos promoter (4-7). By using nuclear extracts from
cytokine-treated cells, the SIE probe typically gives a set of three
complexes called SIF-A, -B, and -C that are known to correspond to
STAT3 homodimer, STAT1/3 heterodimer, and STAT1 homodimer (reviewed in
Refs. 4-7). Fig. 6A shows the
detection of SIF-A, -B, and -C complexes in EMSA carried out using
Hep3B 100,000 × g cytosolic extracts prepared from
cells treated for 30 min with IL-6 but not in the absence of IL-6.
Antibody inhibition assay using anti-STAT3 pAb confirmed the inclusion
of STAT3 in the SIF-A and SIF-B complexes derived from the cytoplasm
(Fig. 6A; also see Fig.
7C). We have also confirmed
that, as expected, the formation of the SIF-C complex using the
IL-6-treated cytosol is completely inhibited by anti-STAT1 mAb (data
not shown).
|
|
Superose-6 eluate fractions (1 ml) derived from chromatography of cytosol (200 µl) of IL-6-treated Hep3B cells were either Western blotted directly to locate the distribution of STAT3 using 100-µl aliquots (Fig. 7A), and the remainder (900 µl) individually concentrated using the Biomax-10K centrifugal system to a volume of 25-30 µl, and DNA binding activity assayed using the SIE oligonucleotide probe (Fig. 7B). Fig. 7B shows that most of the SIF-A and -B complexes co-eluted in a peak with catalase at approximately 232 kDa, approximately coincident with the major STAT3-containing statosome I peak (200-400 kDa). The antibody inhibition data in Fig. 7C confirm the inclusion of STAT3 in the SIF-A complexes co-eluting with catalase. The SIF-C, STAT1-containing complex, co-elutes with ferritin at 440 kDa (Fig. 7B). Reprobing the blot in Fig. 7A with anti-PY-STAT3 pAb shows a distribution of PY-STAT3 in this experiment coincident with the distribution of SIF-A DNA complexes (data not shown). The data in Fig. 7, A and B, show clearly and directly that the bulk of cytoplasmic STAT3 is in complexes at least as large as, and larger than, the DNA-binding competent STAT3 and again emphasize the absence of a major STAT3 monomer pool in the cytosol.
Statosome Complexes Containing STAT1 and STAT5b in Hep3B Cell
Cytosol--
To test whether STAT1 and STAT5b (Hep3B cells lack
detectable STAT5a; see Refs. 21 and 22) also occur in cytosolic
complexes, as was observed for STAT3 (Figs. 3-7), Western blots of
Superose-6 elution fractions derived from the 100,000 × g cytosol from Hep3B cells (no IL-6 treatment) were
re-probed using anti-STAT1 and then anti-STAT5b mAb. Fig.
8, A
C, shows that like STAT3
STAT1 also occurs in two broad distributions (200-400 kDa and 1-2
MDa). Most of STAT5b was in a complex of size 200-400 kDa.
|
The STAT1-containing 200-400-kDa complexes were shifted to the higher side of the STAT3 profile in the 200-400-kDa region suggesting that STAT1 and STAT3 were in different complexes. These data are consistent with those in Fig. 7B showing the elution of the STAT1-containing SIF-C complex with ferritin at 440 kDa in contrast to the main STAT3-containing SIF-A peak which co-elutes with catalase (232 kDa) off Superose-6 FPLC.
Superose-6 FPLC of Cytosolic STAT Proteins in Rat Liver
Hepatocytes: Statosome I (200-400 kDa) and Statosome II (1-2
MDa)--
In order to verify the generality of the detection of
cytosolic statosome I and II complexes in cytosol of Hep3B cells, we investigated the presence of STAT3 complexes in 100,000 × g cytosolic extracts prepared from rat liver. The
preparation of these extracts was carried out using procedures
previously used in this laboratory for preparing cytosolic rat liver
proteasome preparations (25-27). Fig. 9
shows the properties of STAT3 protein present in 100,000 × g rat liver-derived cytosol (no ATP addition) as assayed by Superose-6 FPLC. It is evident that (i) little monomeric STAT3 was
observed (elution fractions from 21 to 40 of Fig. 9A were also negative for STAT3 or fragments thereof; not shown), and (ii)
STAT3 was present in two broad distributions of size 200-400 kDa and
1-2 MDa. These data, replicated both without and with the addition of
1 mM ATP to the extracts (as used in the preparation of
20 S and 2 S proteasome preparations, respectively (25, 26)), indicate the generality of the observation that cytosolic STAT3 occurs
in statosome complexes in rat liver hepatocytes.
|
Fig. 9B shows that little monomeric STAT1 was detected in the rat liver cytosol. STAT1 was also included in complexes in the 200-400-kDa and 1-2-MDa size range. Additionally, the STAT1-containing 200-400-kDa complexes were shifted to the higher side of the STAT3 profile in the 200-400-kDa region suggesting that STAT1 and STAT3 were in different complexes (as in the Hep3B data in Fig. 8 above). Reprobing the blot in Fig. 9A with anti-STAT5a and anti-STAT5b mAb revealed that these STAT proteins were also present largely in complexes in the size range 200-400 kDa, with detectable STAT5a and STAT5b in the 1-2-MDa region (Fig. 9, C and D). As an additional control, anti-STAT3 mAb (IgG) eluted through Superose-6 FPLC at the expected position corresponding to approximately 160-kDa. Fig. 9 shows that most STAT1, -3, -5a, and -5b in the rat liver cytosol was in complexes larger than IgG.
Cellular Proteins "Co-shifted" with STAT3, IL-6-independent, and IL-6-dependent "Antibody-subtracted Differential Protein Display"-- We developed a new strategy to identify cellular proteins present as components of statosome complexes by adapting the customary technique of antibody supershifting of DNA complexes in EMSA to protein supershifting (Fig. 6, B and C, and Fig. 8). In the experiment illustrated in Fig. 6B adjacent lanes from the same native PAGE gel used to carry out the EMSA (Fig. 6A) were soaked with SDS-containing buffer, electroblotted to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and Western-blotted for total STAT3 using an anti-STAT3 mAb. The bulk of cytosolic STAT3 was of apparent mobility >200 kDa by native PAGE. Preincubation of the cytosolic extracts with anti-STAT3 pAb "supershifted" the STAT3 protein (Fig. 6B) but not STAT1 (Fig. 6C).
The STAT3-protein supershifting by anti-STAT3 pAb was then adapted to Superose-6 FPLC gel filtration. The data in Fig. 8D show supershifting by anti-STAT3 pAb of STAT3-containing complexes out of the statosome I (200-400 kDa) region into a larger sized complex. STAT5b is at least partially co-shifted by anti-STAT3 pAb (Fig. 8F), whereas the bulk of STAT1 is not co-shifted (Fig. 8E). In control experiments, unrelated pAb did not supershift STAT3 (not shown).
The anti-STAT3 pAb protein co-shifting as adapted to FPLC (Fig. 8)
suggested a technique for the identification of cellular proteins
present in the 200-400-kDa statosome I STAT3-containing complexes.
This technique can be viewed as an antibody-subtracted differential
protein display procedure (Fig. 10).
Proteins present in the Superose-6 gel filtration fractions in the
200-400-kDa region (statosome I) were displayed by SDS-PAGE (12.5 and
7.5%) and silver staining. Replicate FPLC eluate fractions derived
from the 100,000 × g cytosol extracts of IL-6-treated
or untreated Hep3B cells, each with or without anti-STAT3 pAb
supershifting (the same fractions illustrated in Fig. 8), were analyzed
comparatively in order to identify the subset of proteins co-shifted by
anti-STAT3 pAb in an IL-6-independent or IL-6-dependent
manner. Extensive antibody-subtracted differential protein display of
this kind has led to the data summarized in Fig. 10 and Table
I.
|
|
Fig. 10A shows that a set of at least five proteins in the size range 114 to 91 kDa were co-shifted with STAT3 in an IL-6-independent manner. As expected from Fig. 8, and verified by Western blotting of Coomassie-stained gels (not shown), among these were STAT3 (included in band 5) and STAT5b (included in bands 3, 4) (Table I). Fig. 10, B and C, shows an additional three proteins that were co-shifted with STAT3 but in an IL-6-dependent manner (p60, and the p20a and p20b doublet). The specificity of the antibody co-shifting experiment in helping to detect proteins associated in a complex with STAT3 is suggested by the fact that the majority of the proteins that co-eluted from the Superose-6 column with STAT3 in the 200-400 kDa region did not "co-shift" (Fig. 10 and data not shown). Furthermore, the addition of unrelated pAb to the samples did not produce any supershifting of the proteins in the statosome I region (not shown). Also, when these elution fractions were probed in Western blot format for rabbit pAb, the IgG (150-180-kDa) was observed in elution fractions 17-20, which are readily resolvable from the statosome I and II regions (Fig. 8G).
Identification of IL-6-dependent STAT3-co-shifted p60 Protein as the Chaperone GRP58/ER-60/ERp57-- Concentrates of FPLC eluate fractions corresponding to fractions 13, 14, and 15 as in Figs. 8 and 10 were electrophoresed through 12.5% SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Blue, and the major STAT3-co-shifted p60 protein in lane 13 was excised from the gel and subjected to in-gel tryptic fragmentation. Analysis of the digest by mass spectroscopy identified eight strong signals in the range 700 to 2000 m/z. Data base search using MS-Fit identified the top four proteins (6/8 masses included) as different entries for the same human gene product as follows: the protein P58 (GenBankTM accession number 2507461)/ER-60 (GenBankTM accession numbers 2245365 and 120847) and a protein disulfide isomerase (GenBankTM accession number 1085373). As a control, a similar analysis of a protein of the same apparent molecular weight observed in an adjacent lane (marked by asterisk in Fig. 10B), which was only weakly affected by anti-STAT3 pAb, was identified as the human gene product aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase I (GenBankTM accession numbers 2183299 and 118495). Low levels of GRP58/ER-60/Erp57 tryptic fragments were also detected in this digest. The identification of aldehyde dehydrogenase I, a tetramer of size 240-kDa, as a protein that co-elutes with the STAT3 200-400-kDa peak further validates the size estimate of the STAT3-containing statosome I complexes.
Fig. 11 illustrates the inhibitory
effect of an anti-GRP58 pAb on the formation of the cytosolic SIF-A
DNA-binding complex, compared with anti-STAT3 pAb and control rabbit
serum. The anti-GRP58 pAb used was as effective in inhibiting formation
of the SIF-A complex as was anti-STAT3 pAb. Similar data were obtained
using two additional anti-GRP58 antisera (not shown).
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DISCUSSION |
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|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
|
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A search for preformed cytoplasmic complexes containing STAT3 in Hep3B cells and in the rat liver cytosol using Superose-6 FPLC led to the unexpected discovery that cytosolic STAT3 in cytokine-free cells existed in complexes of size in the range from 200 to 400 kDa (statosome I) and 1-2 MDa (statosome II) with little or no detectable free STAT3 monomers. Similar high molecular mass cytosolic complexes were observed for STAT1, STAT5a, and STAT5b, again with little detectable monomers. These observations contrast with the assumption contained in the "standard" model for JAK-STAT signaling (Fig. 1A) which customarily depicts the cytosolic STAT protein pool to be monomeric (4-7). Furthermore, although the standard model (Fig. 1A) implies an increase in size of STAT3 upon cytokine stimulation consequent to Tyr phosphorylation of STAT3 (the monomer to dimer transition), the bulk of cytosolic PY-STAT3 had similar Superose-6 gel filtration properties (200-400-kDa; "statosome I-PY") as did the bulk of non-PY-containing STAT3 in the 200-400 kDa region. An antibody supershifting technique (antibody-subtracted differential protein display) provided data suggesting that the STAT3-containing statosome I complex contained approximately eight different polypeptides, three of which associated in an IL-6-dependent manner. A major IL-6-dependent STAT-3 co-shifted protein was identified as the chaperone GRP58/ER-60/ERp57.
Although the complete identification of all the individual statosome subunits and their relative stoichiometry remains to be determined, the new data indicate that the standard model depicted in Fig. 1A and generally viewed as the accepted paradigm in the JAK-STAT signaling field (4-7) is missing scaffolding/chaperone components that are likely involved in regulating STAT protein recruitment to the receptor complex and the subsequent transit of PY-STAT to the nucleus (Fig. 1B).
STATs are activated in the cytoplasm, but they exert their gene regulation function in the nucleus (Fig. 1) (4-7). We and others (4-7, 22, 23) have verified cytoplasm to nuclear translocation of STAT3 by immunofluorescence microscopy by following the transfer of metabolically labeled STAT3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, by following the transfer of Western-blottable total STAT3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and by following the transit of Western-blottable PY-STAT3 (using an anti-PY-STAT3 Ab). Experiments carried out by us and other investigators (4-7, 22, 23) show that at best 10-30% of total cytoplasmic STAT1 or STAT3 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus upon cytokine stimulation. Thus, in most cell types, including the hepatocyte, it is only a minority fraction of cytoplasmic STAT3 that undergoes nuclear translocation. Additionally, not all cytoplasmic PY-STAT3 translocates to the nucleus; a substantial fraction (30-50%) of PY-STAT3 remains in the cytoplasm of IL-6-stimulated Hep3B cells (Fig. 2 and Ref. 22).
The mechanism by which a subfraction of the cytoplasmic of PY-STAT pool
enters the nucleus is unknown. STAT proteins lack a so-called nuclear
localization signal sequence, at least in the conventional sense
(4-7). Recently, it was shown that Tyr phosphorylation of STAT1 and
GTPase activity of Ran was crucial for the nuclear import of STAT1
(35). The importin- family member NPI-1 was identified as the
nuclear localization signal for STAT1, suggesting that at least STAT1
enters the nucleus via the conventional import pathway (36). No
information is available for the nuclear import pathway for STAT3.
The activation of STATs by cytokines, including the residence of
DNA-binding competent STATs in the nuclear compartment, is transient,
with increase in nuclear DNA-binding competent STAT3 occurring by
15-30 min and its decay by 60-120 min (4-7, 22, 23, 37, 38). Studies
of interactions between STAT proteins and other cellular proteins have
included investigating functional and protein-protein interactions in
the nuclear compartment. Functional interactions have been reported
with C/EBP/NF-IL-6 (39, 40), NF-
B (41), AP-1 (39, 42-44), and
the glucocorticoid receptor (45, 46). Direct protein-protein
interaction between STAT3 and other factors have been reported with
c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor (4, 5, 46). STAT1 also associates
with members of the IRF-1 family and Sp1 (47-49). Multimerization
(tetramerization) was recently demonstrated for STAT1 in the context of
tandem STAT-binding sites in target DNA, and the amino terminus of
STAT1 was found to be essential for this process (50, 51). Studies of
how STAT proteins activate transcription have led to the identification of interactions between STAT1 and STAT3 with basal transcription factors such as CBP and p300 (4, 52-54).
A mechanism to down-regulate the JAK-STAT pathway in the cytosolic compartment has been recently discovered with the cloning and identification of a family of SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) proteins (now more than 20 members) also referred to as JAB (JAK-binding protein) or SSI (STAT-induced STAT inhibitors) (55-58). SOCS family members inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of gp130, STAT1, and STAT3 by binding to and inhibiting JAK family kinases (55-58). However, at the present time, there is no evidence for a direct protein-protein interaction between SOCS family members and STAT3 (55-58).
Direct interaction between IFN-R1 and STAT3 monomer as an adapter
linking the cytokine-stimulated IFN- receptor to PI3-kinase has been
recently detected in cross-immunoprecipitation experiments (59). A role
has also been suggested for monomeric STAT1 in "constitutively"
mediating the expression of gene product(s) required in tumor necrosis
factor-induced apoptosis (60). How such a monomeric STAT1 would
function in cells to regulate gene expression is unclear. Neither of
these investigators (59, 60) provided evidence for the existence of
monomeric STAT1 as such.
By using yeast two-hybrid screens to detect interactions between STAT1 and various target proteins, Shuai and colleagues (33, 34) isolated a protein called PIAS1 which interacted with STAT1. By using PIAS1 as a probe, these investigators isolated a related 68-kDa protein called PIAS3, which interacted exclusively with PY-STAT3 (in Brij-58 detergent containing cytoplasmic extracts) and inhibited the latter's ability to bind DNA (33). The physiological significance of PIAS3 in regulating STAT3-dependent signaling is unknown. Four human and two murine "PIAS" family proteins have been cloned thus far. In detergent (Brij-58) containing cross-immunoprecipitation assays, PIAS3 family members interact with only their cognate PY-STAT protein (33, 34). Our data (Fig. 4) show that PIAS3 in the cytosol can be resolved away from the bulk of cytosolic PY-STAT3.
Recently, Stanley and colleagues (61) reported the detection of multimeric cytosolic complexes of signaling proteins and cytoskeletal components in macrophages stimulated with colony-stimulating factor-1. These investigators treated a macrophage cell line (BAC1.2F5) with colony-stimulating factor-1 for 2 h in the cold (at 4 °C) and isolated PY-containing cytosolic proteins that bound (directly or indirectly) to an anti-PY-mAb immunoaffinity chromatography column. Gel-filtration seiving of such PY-containing cytosolic proteins through a Superose-6 column showed these to be in two broad distributions of size 1-5 MDa and between 300 and 400 kDa. STAT3, STAT5a, and STAT5b were detected by Western blotting in these 1-5-MDa and 300-400-kDa PY-containing CSF-1-stimulated cytosolic complexes. Evidence was obtained for the association of STAT3 and to a lesser extent STAT5b to F-actin. This represents the first report of the detection of STAT3 and STAT5a and -b in high molecular mass complexes (300-400 kDa and 1-5 MDa) derived from the cytosolic compartment of cytokine-stimulated cells. The paradigm for JAK-STAT signaling occurring in the context of scaffolding/chaperone proteins (Fig. 1B) gains support from the observations of Stanley and co-workers (61). "Preassociation" of STAT1 with other STAT proteins in the cytosolic compartment of HeLa and 3T3-F442A cells prior to cytokine stimulation has been detected using cross-immunoprecipitation assays in the absence of added detergents (62).
We were unable to discern any significant size-shift upon Tyr phosphorylation of STAT3 in the cytosol of IL-6-treated Hep3B cells as assayed by Superose-6 FPLC. A small pool of monomeric STAT3, including PY-STAT3, was observed in the cytosol of IL-6-treated Hep3B cells. The main peak of DNA-binding competent STAT3 which yielded the SIF-A homodimeric complex co-eluted with the major PY-STAT3 pool and with catalase at approximately 230 kDa.
Recently, Lackmann et al. (32) have reported that STAT1 in
detergent-free cytosolic extracts from HeLa cells was observed to be in
high molecular weight latent complexes of size 200-300 kDa as
evaluated by Superose-12 gel filtration. Bulk STAT1 in the cytoplasm
was of apparent size similar to that of bulk PY-STAT3 in nuclear
extracts, the presumed dimer, and thus of size at least 180 kDa.
Overall, the data presented by Lackmann et al. (32) are
similar to our observations for the STAT3-containing statosome I. Additionally, these investigators detected the transient presence of
small amounts of monomeric PY-STAT1 in the cytosol 5 min after interferon- addition to HeLa cells. As with the present studies, from a technical standpoint, these authors emphasized that the elution
of monomeric STAT1 at 81-108 kDa through Superose-12 chromatography was consistent with the expected mass of monomeric STAT1.
Our gel-filtration data (Fig. 5) and those of Lackmann et al. (Fig. 3, B and D, in Ref. 32) verifying, respectively, that monomeric STAT3 and monomeric STAT1 (including PY-STAT1 monomers) in detergent-free cytoplasmic extracts have the expected 90-100-kDa elution size through Superose-6 or Superose-12 chromatography are at variance with conclusions contained in reports from the Darnell laboratory (51, 63-65). In contrast to the data of Lackmann et al. (32), Shuai et al. (63) reached the conclusion that bulk STAT1 in the cytoplasm of cells was a monomer. This conclusion was based upon STAT1 protein sizing by glycerol gradient sedimentation of detergent-treated cytoplasmic extracts (Fig. 2 in Ref. 63), and upon size estimates of DNA affinity purified STAT1 derived using native PAGE (Fig. 1 in Ref. 63). This conclusion was, in part, based upon a calibration curve in the sedimentation analysis that was inconsistent with that reported earlier for a similar analysis by the same group (compare Fig. 2C in Ref. 63 with Fig. 2A in Ref. 64). The native PAGE Western blot data in Fig. 1 of Ref. 63 relate to STAT1 extensively fractionated through DNA affinity chromatography and not to fresh detergent-free cytosolic extracts. Faced with gel filtration data for STAT1 in detergent-treated cytoplasm that indicated a size larger than the molecular weight assignment for a monomer, Qureshi et al. (65) expressed a "belief" that the gel-filtration calibrations may be inapplicable to STAT proteins based upon a comment concerning their experience with recombinant STAT1. However, this latter comment, restated in Vinkemier et al. (51) citing the elution of a purified recombinant STAT1 preparation at 350-kDa from a sizing column does not refer to proven "free" STAT1 monomers per se. An inspection of the data published by Qureshi et al. (Figs. 2A and 3A in Ref. 65) shows that these investigators also observed native high molecular weight STAT1 complexes in cellular compartments by gel filtration, consistent with the data of Lackmann et al. (32) and our data.
Antibody-subtracted Differential Protein Display-- The observation that anti-STAT3 antibody supershifted cytosolic STAT3 from the 200-400 kDa region of the Superose-6 FPLC eluate to a higher molecular weight region (>2 MDa) (Fig. 8) allowed a differential display of the supershifted proteins by silver staining of SDS-PAGE of the respective elution fractions (Figs. 10). This strategy disclosed three proteins (p60, p20a, and p20b) which "co-shifted" with STAT3 in an IL-6-dependent manner and at least five (p114 to p91) which "co-shifted" with STAT3 in an IL-6-independent manner (Fig. 10 and Table I). Band 5 in Table I includes STAT3 and bands 3 and 4 include STAT5b. The p60 IL-6-dependent STAT3-co-shifted protein was identified to be the chaperone GRP58/ER-60/ERp57. From the sum of the molecular sizes of the proteins co-shifted with STAT3 as summarized in Table I which exceeds the 200-400 kDa size estimate for statosome I complexes, we anticipate heterogeneity in the association between these protein "subunits" and STAT3.
GRP58/ER-60/ERp57 is a protein chaperone with
thiol-dependent protein disulfide isomerase and additional
activities (66-70). Cell fractionation experiments indicate that
one-third of GRP58 can be cytosolic, whereas two-thirds are located in
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (67). Additionally, GRP58 is
found in the nuclear matrix compartment (71). GRP58 has been shown to
be involved in chaperoning nascent and misfolded proteins, glycosylated
proteins, and major histocompatibility class I polypeptides (reviewed
in Refs. 72-75). GRP58 is a major target for tyrosine phosphorylation
by the Lyn kinase (76), a kinase that can be activated by IL-6 through
gp130 signaling (77, 78). By using an oligonucleotide probe
corresponding to an interferon-responsive element from the 2'-5'
oligo(A) synthetase gene promoter in cell-free DNA-binding assays,
Deisseroth and colleagues (79) have previously drawn attention to the
ability of cytoplasm-derived GRP58 to modulate in vitro the
inducible DNA binding activity present in nuclear extracts prepared
from interferon-treated myeloid cell lines. The present identification
of GRP58 as an IL-6-dependent STAT3-co-shifted protein
suggests the involvement of this chaperone in regulating the transit of
PY-STAT3 from the cell membrane to the nucleus through the expanse of
the cytosolic compartment. The discovery that the bulk of cytosolic
STAT proteins exist in protein assemblies in the size range 200-400
kDa to 1-2 MDa suggests that the initiation and transmission of STAT
signaling through the cytosolic compartment includes novel regulatory,
scaffolding, and chaperone proteins (Fig. 1B).
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported in part by Research Grant RPG-93-021-06-CIM from the American Cancer Society, a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and a contract from the National Foundation for Cancer Research.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
§ United Negro College Fund/Merck Graduate Fellow.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Cell
Biology & Anatomy, Rm. 201, Basic Sciences Bldg., New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595. Tel.: 914-594-4196; Fax:
914-594-4825.
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ABBREVIATIONS |
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The abbreviations used are: IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-6R, IL-6 receptor; C, 100,000 × g cytosol (the "S100"); CP, 100,000 × g cytoplasmic pellet (the "P100"); DTT, dithiothreitol; ELB, extract lysis buffer; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; GRP58, glucose regulated protein 58 (synonymous with "ER-60" and "ERp57"); JAK, Janus kinases; M, mitochondrial pellet; mAb, monoclonal antibody; N, nuclear pellet; pAb, polyclonal antibody; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PIAS3, protein inhibitor of activated STAT3; PY, phosphotyrosine; SIE, mutant serum-inducible element from the c-fos promoter; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription protein family; gp, glycoprotein; FPLC, fast protein liquid chromatography; IFN, interferon.
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REFERENCES |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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