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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 36, 25517-25524, September 3, 1999


Rab11BP/Rabphilin-11, a Downstream Target of Rab11 Small G Protein Implicated in Vesicle Recycling*

Akiko Mammoto, Toshihisa Ohtsuka, Ikuko Hotta, Takuya Sasaki, and Yoshimi TakaiDagger

From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan

    ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Rab11 small G protein has been implicated in vesicle recycling, but its upstream regulators or downstream targets have not yet been identified. We isolated here a downstream target of Rab11, named rabphilin-11, from bovine brain. Moreover, we isolated from a rat brain cDNA library its cDNA, which encoded a protein with a Mr of 100,946 and 908 amino acids (aa). Rabphilin-11 bound GTP-Rab11 more preferentially than GDP-Rab11 at the N-terminal region and was specific for Rab11 and inactive for other Rab and Rho small G proteins. Both GTP-Rab11 and rabphilin-11 were colocalized at perinuclear regions, presumably the Golgi complex and recycling endosomes, in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In HeLa cells cultured on fibronectin, both the proteins were localized not only at perinuclear regions but also along microtubules, which were oriented toward membrane lamellipodia. Treatment of HeLa cells with nocodazole caused disruption of microtubules and dispersion of GTP-Rab11 and rabphilin-11. Overexpression of the C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 607-730), lacking the GTP-Rab11 binding domain, in HeLa cells reduced accumulation of transferrin at perinuclear regions and cell migration. Rabphilin-11 turned out to be a rat counterpart of recently reported bovine Rab11BP. These results indicate that rabphilin-11 is a downstream target of Rab11 which is involved in vesicle recycling.

    INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

The Rab family small G proteins, consisting of more than 30 members, regulate intracellular vesicle trafficking, including exocytosis, endocytosis, and recycling (for reviews, see Refs, 1-4). We purified a small G protein with a Mr of about 24,000 from the microsome-Golgi fraction of rat liver in 1990 (5) and cloned its cDNA in 1991 (6). The sequence analysis revealed that this small G protein is a rat counterpart of canine Rab11, which had been cloned from a MDCK1 cell cDNA library by Chavrier et al. (7) in 1990. Rab11 is ubiquitously expressed but particularly enriched in tissues with active vesicle trafficking (6, 7). Rab11 has subsequently been shown to be localized at sorting endosomes, recycling endosomes, the trans-Golgi network membranes, and the post-Golgi secretory vesicles, and to be implicated in vesicle recycling (8-11). However, the mode of action of Rab11 in vesicle recycling has not yet been clarified.

The Rab family small G proteins have two interconvertible forms, the GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms (3, 4). The conversion of the GDP-bound form to the GTP-bound form is regulated by two types of upstream regulators, GEPs and GDIs. The reverse conversion is regulated by GTPase-activating proteins. Each Rab family member appears to have its specific GEP and GTPase-activating protein, whereas GDIs are active on all the Rab family members. The GTP-bound form binds to downstream target(s) that exerts its function. Of the many Rab family members, the downstream targets of Rab3, -5, -6, -8, and -9, named rabphilin-3 (12, 13) and rim (14), rabaptin-5 (15) and EEA1 (16, 17), rabkinesin-6 (18), rab8ip (19), and p40 (20), respectively, have thus far been identified and characterized. However, neither the upstream regulators nor the downstream targets of Rab11 have been identified.

We isolated and characterized here a downstream target of Rab11. We named this protein rabphilin-11, because we previously isolated and characterized a downstream target of Rab3 and named it rabphilin-3 (philin for the Greek word for friend) (13).

    EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

[35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 Blot Overlay-- GST-Rab11, -Rab3A, -Rab5, and -RhoA were purified from overexpressing Escherichia coli as described (12). [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay was done as described (21). Briefly, purified GST-Rab11 (40 pmol) was labeled with 1.25 µM [35S]GTPgamma S (1.4 × 106 cpm/pmol) by incubation at 30 °C for 20 min in a solution (40 µl) containing 18 mM Tris/HCl at pH 7.5, 8.1 mM EDTA, 0.9 mM DTT, 4.5 mM MgCl2, and 0.3% CHAPS. After this incubation, 4 µl of 100 mM MgCl2 was added to give a final concentration of 13 mM, and the mixture was immediately cooled on ice. Where indicated, [35S]GDPbeta S (1.4 × 106 cpm/pmol) was used instead of [35S]GTPgamma S. The sample to be tested was subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked at 4 °C in PBS containing 5 mM DTT, 50 mM ZnCl2, 0.1% Triton X-100, and 1 mg/ml BSA. The membrane was then incubated at room temperature for 5 min, followed by incubation at 4 °C for 10 min with 5 nM [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 (7.0 × 106 cpm) in a solution (1 ml) containing 25 mM MES/NaOH at pH 6.5, 2.5 mM DTT, 50 mM NaCl, 1.25 mM MgCl2, and 1.25 mg/ml BSA. Where indicated, non-radioactive GTPgamma S-GST-Rab3A, -Rab5, or -RhoA (650 pmol each) was added to this solution. After the incubation, the membrane was washed with 25 mM MES/NaOH at pH 6.5 containing 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, and 0.05% Triton X-100, followed by autoradiography by use of an image analyzer (Fujix BAS-2000; Fuji Photo Film Co., Tokyo, Japan).

Purification and Molecular Cloning of Rabphilin-11-- All the following procedures were done at 4 °C. Bovine brains (250 g wet weight) were homogenized with a solution (300 ml) containing 20 mM Tris/HCl at pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA, 0.32 M sucrose, and a protease inhibitor mixture (10 µM p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 20 µg/ml leupeptin, and 1 µg/ml pepstatin A). The homogenate was centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 1 h. The supernatant was stored at -80 °C until use. One-eighth of the supernatant (40 ml, 320 mg of protein) was applied on a Mono Q HR 10/10 column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) equilibrated with Buffer A (20 mM Tris/HCl at pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, and 5 mM MgCl2). Elution was performed with a 240-ml linear gradient of NaCl (0-1 M) in Buffer A. Fractions of 4 ml each were collected. Rabphilin-11 appeared in fractions 16-18. The active fractions (12 ml, 10 mg of protein) were collected. The rest of the supernatant fraction was also subjected to the Mono Q column chromatography in the same manner as described above. The active fractions of the eight Mono Q column chromatographies were combined. Half of the combined sample (48 ml, 40 mg of protein) was applied on a hydroxyapatite column (1.0 × 10 cm; Calbiochem) equilibrated with Buffer B (20 mM potassium phosphate at pH 7.5 and 1 mM DTT). Elution was performed with a 120-ml linear gradient of potassium phosphate (20-500 mM) in Buffer B. Fractions of 2 ml each were collected. Rabphilin-11 appeared in fractions 10-16. The active fractions (14 ml, 2 mg of protein) were collected. The other half of the combined sample of the Mono Q column chromatographies was also subjected to the hydroxyapatite column chromatography in the same manner as described above. The active fractions (28 ml, 4 mg of protein) of the two hydroxyapatite column chromatographies were combined and applied on a Mono Q HR 5/5 column equilibrated with Buffer A containing 1% cholate. Elution was performed with a 15-ml linear gradient of NaCl (0-1 M) in Buffer A containing 1% cholate. Fractions of 0.5 ml each were collected. Rabphilin-11 appeared in fractions 12-20. The active fractions (4.5 ml, 2 mg of protein) were collected and applied on a TSK gel phenyl-5PW RP column (0.75 × 7.5 cm; Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) equilibrated with 0.08% trifluoroacetic acid. Elution was performed with a 60-ml linear gradient of acetonitrile (0-80%) in 0.08% trifluoroacetic acid. Fractions of 0.5 ml each were collected. Rabphilin-11 appeared in fractions 78-83 (see Fig. 1). The active fractions (3 ml, 0.3 mg of protein) were collected and lyophilized. This lyophilized sample (0.3 mg of protein) was dissolved in 0.3 ml of Laemmli's buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE (8% polyacrylamide gel). The protein band corresponding to a protein with a Mr of about 140,000 was cut out from the gel and digested with a lysyl endopeptidase, and the digested peptides were separated by TSKgel PODS-80Ts (4.6 × 150 mm; Tosoh) reverse phase high pressure liquid column chromatography (22). The aa sequences of the 13 peptides were determined with a peptide sequencer. A rat brain cDNA library in lambda ZAPII (Stratagene) was screened by use of the oligonucleotide probes designed from the partial aa sequences.

Expression and Purification of Recombinant Rabphilin-11-- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed in pMALC2 (New England Biolabs), pGEX (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), pRSET (Invitrogen), and pEGFP (CLONTECH) by use of standard molecular biological methods. Full-length rabphilin-11 was constructed in the pRSET vector. Full-length His6-rabphilin-11 was produced in vitro and labeled with [35S]methionine by use of the TNT T7-coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega). The truncated mutants of rabphilin-11 were constructed in the pMALC2 and pGEX vectors as follows: pMALC2-rabphilin-11-1, aa 1-631; pMALC2-rabphilin-11-2, aa 632-908; pMALC2-rabphilin-11-3, aa 53-301; and pGEX-rabphilin-11-3, aa 53-301. The full-length and truncated mutants of rabphilin-11 were constructed in the pEGFP vector; pEGFP-rabphilin-11, full length; pEGFP-rabphilin-11-1, aa 1-631; and pEGFP-rabphilin-11-4, aa 607-730.

Cell Culture and Transfection-- MDCK cells were supplied by Dr. W. Birchmeier (Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany). HeLa cells were supplied by Dr. S. Orita (Discovery Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co. LTD, Osaka, Japan). KB cells were supplied by Dr. Y. Miyata (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan). MDCK cells were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 10% CO2 and 90% air in DMEM containing 10% FCS (Life Technologies, Inc.), 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin. HeLa cells and KB cells were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air in the same medium. Where indicated, HeLa cells were cultured on the dishes precoated with fibronectin. Fibronectin-coated dishes were prepared by incubation of non-treated dishes with 10 µg/ml human plasma fibronectin (Sigma) at 4 °C overnight, followed by incubation with 1% BSA/PBS at 37 °C for 1 h. HeLa cells, which had been cultured on non-treated dishes, were trypsinized and washed once in serum-free DMEM. The cells were resuspended in serum-free DMEM (2 × 104 cells/ml), placed on fibronectin-coated dishes, and used for experiments.

Transient transfection of pEGFP-rabphilin-11 into MDCK cells or HeLa cells was performed by use of Superfect reagent (Qiagen). MDCK cells stably expressing a Myc-tagged dominant active mutant of Rab11 (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells) or a Myc-tagged dominant negative mutant of Rab11 (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11S25N cells) were established (23). Stable transfection of pSRalpha -Myc-Rab11Q70L in HeLa cells (sHeLa-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells) was carried out by use of Superfect reagent (Qiagen), and cell clones were isolated by resistance to G418 as described previously (23). sMDCK cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 10% CO2 and 90% air in DMEM containing 10% FCS (Life Technologies, Inc.), 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 0.75 mg/ml G418. sHeLa cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air in the same medium.

Antibodies and Immunofluorescence Staining-- A rabbit polyclonal antibody against rabphilin-11 was raised against GST-rabphilin-11-3 (aa 53-301). The antiserum was affinity purified with MBP-rabphilin-11-3 (aa 53-301) covalently coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Hybridoma cells expressing the mouse monoclonal anti-Myc antibody (9E10) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). An anti-tubulin beta  antibody was purchased from Sigma. Second antibodies for immunofluorescence microscopy were obtained from Chemicon International, Inc. Temecula, CA).

Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed as described (23). Briefly, the cells used here were fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde/PBS for 20 min. The fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100/PBS for 10 min. After being soaked in 10% FCS/PBS for 1 h, the cells were treated with the first antibody in 10% FCS/PBS for 1 h. The cells were then washed with PBS three times, followed by incubation with the second antibody in 10% FCS/PBS for 1 h. After being washed with PBS three times, the cells were examined by use of a ECLIPSE E800 immunofluorescence microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Where indicated, an LSM 410 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) was used.

Assay for Internalization of Transferrin-- Assay for internalization of transferrin in HeLa cells or KB cells was performed as described (24). Briefly, HeLa cells or KB cells were transfected with the plasmids encoding the indicated proteins by use of Superfect reagent (Qiagen). After 18 h, the cells were incubated at 37 °C for 1 h with serum-free DMEM, followed by incubation at 37 °C for 1 h with serum-free DMEM containing 0.1 mg/ml Texas Red-conjugated transferrin (Molecular Probes, Inc.). The cells were then immunostained and analyzed.

Phagokinetic Track Motility Assay-- Uniform carpet of gold particles was prepared on glass coverslips (Matsunami Glass) as described (25, 26). The colloidal gold-coated coverslips were placed in 35-mm non-treated dishes, and the coverslips were coated with 10 µg/ml fibronectin by incubation at 4 °C overnight. HeLa cells suspended in DMEM (2 × 104 cells/ml) were added to each gold-coated coverslip and incubated. After 6 h, the cells expressing each GFP-tagged protein were visualized on an inverted DIAPHOT 300 microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan), and cell migration was analyzed by measuring the areas free of gold particles around a single cell. The statistical analysis of migration was analyzed with analysis of variance, and significance was determined by paired t test.

Other Procedures-- SDS-PAGE (8% polyacrylamide gel) was performed as described (27). Protein concentrations were determined with BSA as a reference protein (28).

    RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Identification, Partial Purification, and Characterization of Rabphilin-11-- We identified a band of [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11-binding activity with a Mr of about 140,000 in the cytosol fraction of bovine brain by use of a blot overlay method with [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 (data not shown). We highly purified this protein (p140) from the cytosol fraction of bovine brain by successive chromatographies of Mono Q, hydroxyapatite, Mono Q, and phenyl-5PW RP columns as described under "Experimental Procedures." On the final phenyl-5PW RP column chromatography, the [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11-binding protein band coincided with a protein with a Mr of about 140,000 which was identified by protein staining (Fig. 1, A---C). p140 bound [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 more preferentially than [35S]GDPbeta S-GST-Rab11 (Fig. 2Aa). p140 did not stimulate the GTPase activity of Rab11 (data not shown). p140 did not bind other Rab and Rho small G proteins, including Rab3A, Rab5, and RhoA (Fig. 2Ba).


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  		Fig. 1.   Phenyl-5PW RP column chromatography of p140 (rabphilin-11). A, absorbance at 280 nm. B, [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay. An aliquot (20 µl) of each fraction was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay. C, protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. An aliquot (20 µl) of each fraction was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Arrowheads, p140 (rabphilin-11).


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  		Fig. 2.   Biochemical properties of rabphilin-11. A, binding of [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 to rabphilin-11. The rat brain cytosol (50 µg of protein) or MBP-rabphilin-11-1 (aa 1-631) (0.2 µg of protein) was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by [35S]GTPgamma S- or [35S]GDPbeta S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay. a, the rat brain cytosol; b, MBP-rabphilin-11-1. Lane 1, [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay; lane 2, [35S]GDPbeta S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay. Arrowhead, MBP-rabphilin-11-1. Lower molecular mass bands seen in A, b, lane 1, may be degradation products of rabphilin-11. B, small G protein specificity of rabphilin-11. The rat brain cytosol (50 µg of protein) or MBP-rabphilin-11-1 (0.2 µg of protein) was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay in the presence of 0.65 µM various nonradioactive small G proteins (130-fold higher concentration than that of [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11). a, the rat brain cytosol; b, MBP-rabphilin-11-1. Lane 1, [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 alone; lane 2, in the presence of nonradioactive GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11; lane 3, in the presence of nonradioactive GTPgamma S-GST-Rab3A; lane 4, in the presence of nonradioactive GTPgamma S-GST-Rab5; lane 5, in the presence of nonradioactive GTPgamma S-GST-RhoA.

Molecular Cloning and Determination of the Nucleotide and Deduced Amino Acid Sequences of Rabphilin-11-- We determined the partial aa sequences of p140. The aa sequences of p140 were not found in the current protein data base. On the basis of this information, we isolated a p140 cDNA from a rat brain cDNA library and determined its nucleotide sequence. The encoded protein consisted of 908 aa and showed a calculated Mr of 100,946 (GenBankTM accession number AF130121) (Fig. 3A). It included all the partial aa sequences except 6 aa. The slight difference of the aa sequences might be due to the differences in species.


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  		Fig. 3.   Molecular characterization of rabphilin-11. A, deduced aa sequence of rabphilin-11. Underlines, aa sequences of the 13 peptide peaks derived from the purified sample of p140 (rabphilin-11). B, a, [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 binding activity of the native and recombinant proteins of rabphilin-11. The rat brain cytosol (50 µg of protein) or the in vitro translated product of rabphilin-11 was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay. Lane 1, the rat brain cytosol; lane 2, the in vitro translated product. b, [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 binding activity of truncated forms of rabphilin-11. MBP-rabphilin-11-1 (aa 1-631) or MBP-rabphilin-11-2 (aa 632-908) (0.5 µg of protein each) was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 blot overlay. Lane 1, MBP-rabphilin-11-1; lane 2, MBP-rabphilin-11-2. Arrowhead, MBP-rabphilin-11-1. Lower molecular mass bands seen in B, b, lane 1, may be degradation products of rabphilin-11.

The calculated Mr value was less than that estimated by SDS-PAGE. To confirm whether this clone contained the full-length cDNA of p140, we constructed the pRSET vector with this cDNA and expressed the protein in vitro and labeled with [35S]methionine by use of the TNT T7-coupled reticulocyte lysate system. The in vitro translated product showed a motility similar to that of native p140 on SDS-PAGE (Fig. 3Ba). Therefore, we concluded that this clone encoded the full-length cDNA of p140.

After we had submitted this original manuscript, Zeng et al. (29) isolated a putative target of Rab11 from bovine brain by the method similar to ours, determined its nucleotide and deduced aa sequences, and named it Rab11BP (Rab11-binding protein). All the partial aa sequences of our p140 were included in the deduced aa sequence of Rab11BP. Comparison of deduced aa sequences of our rat and their bovine proteins revealed that they showed 85% identity over the entire sequences (data not shown). This aa difference might be due to the difference of species, and our rabphilin-11 is most likely to be a rat counterpart of bovine Rab11BP.

Characterization of Recombinant Rabphilin-11-- By use of recombinant rat rabphilin-11, we found that [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 binding activity was located in the N-terminal fragment (aa 1-631) and not in the C-terminal fragment (aa 632-908) (Fig. 3Bb). This N-terminal fragment, including the GTP-Rab11 binding domain, bound [35S]GTPgamma S-GST-Rab11 more preferentially than [35S]GDPbeta S-GST-Rab11 (Fig. 2Ab). The N-terminal fragment did not stimulate the GTPase activity of Rab11 (data not shown). The N-terminal fragment did not bind other Rab and Rho small G proteins, including Rab3A, Rab5, and RhoA (Fig. 2Bb).

Tissue Distribution of Rabphilin-11-- Rab11 is expressed in various tissues but abundant in brain, lung, adrenal gland, kidney, pancreas, and testis (6, 30). Northern blot analysis indicated that rabphilin-11 was also expressed in various rat tissues examined (Fig. 4). Of various cell lines, rabphilin-11 was abundant in MDCK cells, HeLa cells, and PC12 cells (data not shown).


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  		Fig. 4.   Northern blot analysis of rabphilin-11. An RNA blot membrane (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, CA) was hybridized with the 32P-labeled, 1.2-kilobase pair (kb) fragment of the rabphilin-11 cDNA according to the manufacturer's protocol. Lane 1, heart; lane 2, brain; lane 3, spleen; lane 4, lung; lane 5, liver; lane 6, muscle; lane 7, kidney.

Colocalization of Rabphilin-11 with GTP-Rab11 at Perinuclear Regions-- Subcellular localization analysis showed that both expressed GDP-Rab11 (a Myc-tagged dominant negative mutant of Rab11, Myc-Rab11S25N), and GFP-tagged full-length rabphilin-11 were found in the cytoplasm in MDCK cells stably expressing Myc-Rab11S25N (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11S25N cells) (Fig. 5A, a and b), whereas both expressed GTP-Rab11 (a Myc-tagged dominant active mutant of Rab11, Myc-Rab11Q70L), and GFP-tagged full-length rabphilin-11 were colocalized at perinuclear regions (Fig. 5B, a and b). When endogenous rabphilin-11 was stained in MDCK cells stably expressing Myc-Rab11Q70L (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells) and sMDCK-Myc-Rab11S25N cells, essentially the same results were obtained (data not shown). These results suggest that rabphilin-11 binds GTP-Rab11 not only in a cell-free system but also in intact cells and that they are colocalized at perinuclear regions, which presumably correspond to the Golgi complex and recycling endosomes.


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  		Fig. 5.   Colocalization of GTP-Rab11 and rabphilin-11 at perinuclear regions in MDCK cells. sMDCK-Myc-Rab11Q70L and -Myc-Rab11S25N cells transiently expressing GFP-tagged full-length rabphilin-11 were stained with the anti-Myc antibody. The cells were examined for GFP fluorescence for rabphilin-11 and indirect immunofluorescence labeling for the Myc-tagged proteins by use of an LSM 410 confocal laser scanning microscope. A, a, Myc-Rab11-S25N; b, GFP-rabphilin-11. B, a, Myc-Rab11Q70L; b, GFP-rabphilin-11. Bars, 20 µm.

Colocalization of Rabphilin-11 with GTP-Rab11 along Microtubules-- It has been shown that microtubules are oriented toward lamellipodia (31) and that microtubules are involved in vesicle recycling (32-34). We examined the localization of a Myc-tagged dominant active mutant of Rab11 (Myc-Rab11Q70L) and rabphilin-11 in HeLa cells cultured on fibronectin. The HeLa cells cultured on fibronectin showed well developed lamellipodia toward which microtubules were oriented (Fig. 6, A and B). Both Myc-Rab11Q70L and rabphilin-11 were localized not only at perinuclear regions but also along these microtubules (Fig. 6A). When the GFP-tagged N-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (GFP-rabphilin-11-1, aa 1-631), including the GTP-Rab11 binding domain, was expressed in HeLa cells cultured on fibronectin, it was localized both at perinuclear regions and along microtubules, whereas when the GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (GFP-rabphilin-11-4, aa 607-730), lacking the GTP-Rab11 binding domain, was expressed, it was diffusely localized in the cytoplasm (Fig. 6B). These results suggest that the N-terminal region of rabphilin-11 is responsible for its localization at perinuclear regions and along microtubules. Treatment of these cells with nocodazole, a microtubule-disrupting agent, caused disruption of microtubules and dispersion of both Myc-Rab11Q70L and rabphilin-11 (Fig. 6C). These results have provided additional evidence that GTP-Rab11 and rabphilin-11 interact with each other in intact cells and furthermore suggest that both the proteins are localized presumably on the recycling vesicles at perinuclear regions and along microtubules.


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  		Fig. 6.   Colocalization of GTP-Rab11 and rabphilin-11 along microtubules in HeLa cells. A, colocalization of Rab11Q70L and rabphilin-11 along microtubules. Wild-type HeLa cells and sHeLa-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells were cultured on fibronectin and doubly stained by use of the anti-Myc antibody for Myc-Rab11Q70L, the anti-rabphilin-11 antibody for rabphilin-11, and the anti-tubulin beta  antibody for microtubules. a1-c1 and a3-c3, sHeLa-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells; a2-c2, wild-type HeLa cells. a1 and a3, Myc-Rab11Q70L; a2 and b3, rabphilin-11; b1 and b2, microtubules; c1-c3, merge. B, localization of the N-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 along microtubules. HeLa cells transiently transfected with the plasmid encoding GFP-rabphilin-11-1 (aa 1-631) or GFP-rabphilin-11-4 (aa 607-730) were examined for GFP fluorescence for rabphilin-11. a, the GFP-tagged N-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 1-631); b, the GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 607-730). C, disruption of microtubules and dispersion of Rab11Q70L and rabphilin-11 by treatment with nocodazole. sHeLa-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells and wild-type HeLa cells cultured on fibronectin were treated with 10 µg/ml nocodazole for 1 h. a1 and b1, sHeLa-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells; a2 and b2, wild-type HeLa cells. a1, Myc-Rab11Q70L; a2, rabphilin-11; b1 and b2, microtubules. Bars, 20 µm.

Involvement of Rabphilin-11 in Accumulation of Transferrin at Perinuclear Regions-- We examined whether rabphilin-11 indeed regulates vesicle recycling as described for Rab11 (9, 11). Overexpression of a Myc-tagged dominant negative mutant of Rab11 (Myc-Rab11S25N) in HeLa cells markedly inhibited accumulation of transferrin at perinuclear regions as compared with those in wild-type cells (data not shown), consistent with the earlier observations (9, 11). Similarly, overexpression of the GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (GFP-rabphilin-11-4, aa 607-730), lacking the GTP-Rab11 binding domain, markedly inhibited this accumulation (Fig. 7A, a and b). However, overexpression of GFP-tagged full-length rabphilin-11 did not affect this accumulation (Fig. 7A, c and d). Overexpression of the GFP-tagged N-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (GFP-rabphilin-11-1, aa 1-631), including the GTP-Rab11 binding domain, did not affect this accumulation, either (data not shown). The essentially similar results were obtained when the similar experiments were done with KB cells (Fig. 7B). It is not clear to which intracellular organellae the perinuclear regions correspond, but they may be the Golgi complex and recycling endosomes. These results, together with the earlier observations that Rab11 regulates vesicle recycling (9, 11), suggest that rabphilin-11 also regulates vesicle recycling.


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  		Fig. 7.   Involvement of rabphilin-11 in internalization of transferrin. HeLa cells or KB cells, which were transiently transfected with the plasmids encoding the indicated proteins, were incubated with Texas Red-conjugated transferrin. The cells were examined for GFP fluorescence for rabphilin-11 and Texas Red fluorescence for transferrin. A, HeLa cells; B, KB cells. a and c, Texas Red-conjugated transferrin; b, the GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 607-730); d, GFP-rabphilin-11. Arrows, the cells expressing the indicated proteins. Bars, 20 µm.

Transferrin was also observed as small dots widely distributed throughout the cytoplasm in HeLa cells and KB cells (Fig. 7). This distribution of transferrin was not affected by overexpression of Myc-Rab11S25N (data not shown) or the GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (Fig. 7, Aa and Ba). It is not clear where these dots correspond, but they may be early endosomes. If this is the case, Rab11 and rabphilin-11 may not be involved in vesicle trafficking from the plasma membrane to early endosomes by endocytosis, and this conclusion is consistent with the earlier observations for Rab11 (9, 11).

It has been reported by Zeng et al. (29) that the N-terminal fragment of Rab11BP (aa 1-504) inhibits the accumulation of transferrin at endosomes in TRVb cells, and our above result is apparently inconsistent with this observation. The exact reason for this discrepancy is not known at present, but this might be due either to different lengths of the N-terminal fragments of Rab11BP and rabphilin-11 or to a lower expression level of the N-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 1-631) in our assay system than that of the N-terminal fragment of Rab11BP (aa 1-504) in their assay system. They did not examine the effect of the C-terminal fragment of Rab11BP, but our results clearly indicate that the C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 607-730) reduces the accumulation of transferrin at perinuclear regions (Fig. 7, Aa and Ba), and the expression levels of the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments were apparently similar (data not shown). Therefore, it could be concluded from their experiments and our experiments that the C-terminal fragment might be more effective than the N-terminal fragment on inhibiting vesicle recycling.

Involvement of Rabphilin-11 in Cell Migration-- It has been shown that vesicle recycling is necessary for cell migration (35, 36). Finally, we examined whether Rab11 and rabphilin-11 are involved in cell migration. For this purpose, we first used MDCK cells stably expressing a Myc-tagged dominant active mutant of Rab11 (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells) or MDCK cells stably expressing a Myc-tagged dominant negative mutant of Rab11 (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11S25N cells), and we estimated cell migration by use of the gold particle uptake assay. Wild-type MDCK cells and sMDCK-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells migrated to a similar extent, but sMDCK-Myc-Rab11S25N cells migrated significantly to a lesser extent (data not shown). Because MDCK cells stably expressing various mutants of rabphilin-11 were not available, we transiently overexpressed GFP-tagged full-length rabphilin-11, the GFP-tagged N-terminal fragment (GFP-rabphilin-11-1, aa 1-631), or the GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (GFP-rabphilin-11-4, aa 607-730) in HeLa cells cultured on fibronectin, and we assayed their migration. Overexpression of the C-terminal fragment, but not full-length rabphilin-11 or the N-terminal fragment, markedly reduced cell migration (Fig. 8). These results suggest that both Rab11 and rabphilin-11 are involved in cell migration. We have not examined here the overexpression of Rab11S25N in HeLa cells, because GFP-tagged Rab11S25N was not available, but the inhibitory effect of Rab11S25N on migration of MDCK cells is consistent with the inhibitory effect of the C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 on migration of HeLa cells.


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  		Fig. 8.   Involvement of rabphilin-11 in cell migration. HeLa cells, which were transiently transfected with the plasmid encoding GFP-tagged full-length rabphilin-11, GFP-rabphilin-11-1 (aa 1-631), or GFP-rabphilin-11-4 (aa 607-730), were incubated on gold- and fibronectin-coated coverslips. The transfected cells were examined for GFP fluorescence, and cell migration was analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy as the area free of gold particles around a single cell per 6 h. A, migration of HeLa cells. a1-c1, GFP fluorescence; a2-c2, HeLa cells. Arrows, the cells expressing the indicated proteins. Arrowheads, wild-type HeLa cells. B, the area of the motile cells. a, GFP-rabphilin-11; b, the GFP-tagged N-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 1-631); c, the GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 607-730). The area was expressed as mean ± S.D. (*, p < 0.01). All the photographs were taken with the same magnification.


    DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

In this study, we have isolated and characterized a GTP-Rab11-binding protein and named it rabphilin-11. We have concluded that rabphilin-11 is a downstream target of Rab11 that has been implicated in vesicle recycling (8-11) on the basis of the following observations: 1) it binds GTP-Rab11 more preferentially than GDP-Rab11 without stimulating the GTPase activity of Rab11; 2) it is colocalized with GTP-Rab11 at perinuclear regions in MDCK cells and HeLa cells and also along microtubules in HeLa cells; and 3) rabphilin-11 as well as Rab11 regulates accumulation of transferrin at perinuclear regions and cell migration.

We have shown here that Rab11 and rabphilin-11 are colocalized at perinuclear regions in HeLa cells and KB cells and that both the proteins regulate the accumulation of transferrin there without affecting its accumulation at small dots which are widely distributed in the cytoplasm. The precise localization sites of GTP-Rab11 and rabphilin-11 at perinuclear regions are not known, but they are likely the Golgi complex and recycling endosomes, and the small dots in the cytoplasm may be early endosomes. If these sites are correct, both the proteins may regulate at least vesicle recycling from early endosomes to recycling endosomes.

Moreover, we have shown here that Rab11 and rabphilin-11 are colocalized along microtubules oriented toward lamellipodia. Microtubules are known to be implicated in transport from early endosomes to late endosomes and apical vesicle recycling, both of which are inhibited by nocodazole in polarized MDCK cells (33, 34). It is not known whether Rab11 and rabphilin-11 are involved in apical vesicle recycling along microtubules, but the localization of Rab11 and rabphilin-11 along microtubules oriented toward lamellipodia has raised their possible involvement in apical vesicle recycling.

Vesicle recycling of various transmembrane proteins, including adhesion molecules such as integrin, has been implicated in cell migration (37-40). We have recently shown that dynamic rearrangement of focal adhesion and stress fibers are observed during migration of MDCK cells and that Rab GDI, a general regulator of all the Rab family members, and at least Rab5 are involved in this rearrangement, most presumably by regulating endocytosis and recycling of integrin (23). Consistently, we have shown here that overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Rab11 (Rab11S25N) and the C-terminal fragment of rabphilin-11 (aa 607-730), lacking the GTP-Rab11 binding domain, reduce migration of MDCK cells and HeLa cells, respectively. It remains to be clarified how these proteins reduce cell migration, but they may reduce cell migration by inhibiting the vesicle recycling from early endosomes to recycling endosomes.

Of the downstream targets of the Rab family members thus far reported, Shirataki et al. (41) and Mckiernan et al. (42) have shown that rabphilin-3, a target of Rab3, is associated with synaptic vesicles in a manner independent of GTP-Rab3A, although Stahl et al. (43) have shown that it is associated with the vesicles in a manner dependent on GTP-Rab3A, whereas rabaptin-5, a target of Rab5, is associated with early endosomes in a manner dependent on GTP-Rab5 (15). We have shown here that both GDP-Rab11 (a Myc-tagged dominant negative mutant of Rab11, Myc-Rab11S25N) and rabphilin-11 are found in the cytoplasm in MDCK cells stably expressing Myc-Rab11S25N (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11S25N cells), whereas both GTP-Rab11 (a Myc-tagged dominant active mutant of Rab11, Myc-Rab11Q70L) and rabphilin-11 are colocalized at perinuclear regions in MDCK cells stably expressing Myc-Rab11Q70L (sMDCK-Myc-Rab11Q70L cells). These results suggest that rabphilin-11 is translocated between the cytoplasm and the membranes of perinuclear regions coupled with the cycling of Rab11 between the GDP-bound and GTP-bound forms.

In conclusion, rabphilin-11 is a downstream target of Rab11 that regulates vesicle recycling. Further studies are necessary for our understanding of the modes of activation and action of Rab11 and rabphilin-11 in vesicle recycling.

    FOOTNOTES

* This investigation was supported by grants-in-aid for Scientific Research and for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan (1998) and by grants from the Human Frontier Science Program (1998).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AF130121.

Dagger To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan. Tel.: 81-6-6879-3410; Fax: 81-6-6879-3419; E-mail: ytakai@molbio.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.

    ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney; GEP, GDP/GTP exchange protein; GDI, GDP dissociation inhibitor; GST, glutathione S-transferase-tagged; GTPgamma S, guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio) triphosphate; DTT, dithiothreitol; GDPbeta S, guanosine 5'-(2-O-thio) diphosphate; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; BSA, bovine serum albumin; aa, amino acids; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FCS, fetal calf serum; Myc-Rab11Q70L, a Myc-tagged dominant active mutant of Rab11; Myc-Rab11S25N, a Myc-tagged dominant negative mutant of Rab11; MBP, maltose-binding protein-tagged; GFP, green fluorescent protein; MES, 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid; CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.

    REFERENCES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
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