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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 38, 27225-27230, September 17, 1999

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Induces Actin Clustering without Direct Binding to Cdc42^*

Masayoshi Kato^§, Hiroaki Miki, Kohsuke Imai^¶, Shigeaki Nonoyama^¶, Toshihiko Suzuki, Chihiro Sasakawa, and Tadaomi Takenawa^**

From the Departments of  Biochemistry and  Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, the ^¶ Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, and the ^§ Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) was identified as the gene product whose mutation causes the human hereditary disease Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. WASP contains many functional domains and has been shown to induce the formation of clusters of actin filaments in a manner dependent on Cdc42. However, there has been no report investigating what domain(s) is(are) important for the function. Here we present for the first time the results of detailed analyses on the domain-function relationship of WASP. First, the C-terminal verprolin-cofilin-acidic domain was shown to be essential for the regulation of actin cytoskeleton. In addition, we found that the clustering of WASP itself is distinct from actin clustering. The partial protein containing the region from the N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain to the basic residue-rich region also clustered especially around the nucleus as wild type WASP without inducing actin clustering. Finally, we obtained the quite unexpected result that a WASP mutant deficient in binding to Cdc42 still induced actin cluster formation, indicating that direct interaction between Cdc42 and WASP is not required for the regulation of actin cytoskeleton. This result may explain why no Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients have been identified with a missense mutation in the Cdc42-binding site.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) was originally identified as the gene product whose mutation causes the human hereditary disease Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (1). WASP is composed of 502 amino acid residues and contains many functional domains such as the pleckstrin homology (PH)¹ domain, GTPase binding domain (GBD)/Cdc42 and Rac interactive binding (CRIB) motif, proline-rich (PR) domain, verprolin homology (VPH) domain, cofilin homology domain, and C-terminal highly acidic region. Accumulating evidence has shown that WASP directly interacts with many signaling and/or cytoskeletal proteins such as Cdc42 (2-4), WASP-interacting protein (5), Src family tyrosine kinases (6-9), Nck (10), Grb2/Ash (6, 8, 11), phospholipase C (6, 8), and the 85-kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (6) through the functional domains described above (mainly, through the PR domain).

The binding to Cdc42 is thought to be of particular importance (3). Cdc42 is a Rho family small GTPase that is known to play a critical role in the formation of actin microspikes in response to external stimuli (12, 13). Symons et al. (3) identified WASP as a Cdc42-binding protein in search of novel Cdc42 effector proteins. Indeed, it was shown that activated Cdc42 specifically and directly bound to the GBD/CRIB motif of WASP. They also demonstrated that ectopic expression of WASP induces the formation of actin filament (F-actin) clusters that overlap with the expressed WASP itself. Another WASP family protein, N-WASP, also has the PH domain, GBD/CRIB motif, PR domain, VPH domain, and C-terminal acidic region (17). This protein has been shown to play important roles in Cdc42-dependent filopodium formation (14), although in structure it is very similar to WASP. Both of these proteins cause actin polymerization, but with different features when they are expressed in cells; WASP mainly localizes at perinuclear areas and causes actin clustering (3), but most N-WASP is present at plasma membranes and induces filopodium formation (14, 17). In the case of N-WASP, direct binding of activated Cdc42 seems to unmask the folded inactive N-WASP (14). With regard to N-WASP, the mechanism by which it induces filopodium has been well studied. However, it still remains unknown how WASP is regulated by Cdc42 and how WASP induces actin clustering. We here report the results of expression analyses of various WASP mutants. We identified the regions that are responsible for the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and the intracellular localization of WASP itself. The most unexpected and interesting result is that the direct binding between WASP and Cdc42 has no physiological function in the actin cluster formation induced by WASP, at least in these expression systems.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Antibodies-- Polyclonal anti-WASP antibody was prepared in rabbits immunized with bacterially expressed recombinant protein (amino acids 149-310). Antiserum was purified with protein A gel (Pierce). The monoclonal antibody specific for the c-Myc epitope tag was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. The secondary antibodies linked to alkaline phosphatase (used in Western blotting) and fluorescein (used in immunofluorescence microscopy) were from Promega and Capel, respectively. The polyclonal antibody specific for the Arp3 was prepared in rabbits according to the method of Welch et al. (18).

WASP Mutagenesis-- Construction of mutants of PHWI (deletion of amino acids 1-193), WI (deletion of amino acids 155-193), PRVCA (deletion of amino acids 311-502), and PR (deletion of amino acids 311-413) was done by using the polymerase chain reaction. PH (107-502) was obtained by AccI digestion and excision of the cDNA fragment coding for amino acids 1-106. PHWI (amino acids 1-222) and PHBR (amino acids 1-240) were obtained as cDNA truncated at the PvuII site and ApaLI site, respectively. H246DSH was prepared as follows. The polymerase chain reaction fragment (1-247; H246D) obtained with mutagenized primer was ligated to the PmaC I site of the wild type cDNA fragment coding for amino acids 250-502.

Recombinant Proteins-- WASP full-length (WT and H246DSH), CRIB (131-309; WT and H246DSH) and VCA (414-502) were obtained as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins or Histidine (His)-tagged proteins. GST-full length, -CRIB, and -VCA were constructed by inserting the cDNA fragments into pGEX-4T-1 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The His-CRIB construction was obtained by subcloning the cDNA fragments into pQE 30 (Qiagen). Cdc42 and profilin I were also obtained as GST fusion proteins (14, 15). GST fusion and His-tagged proteins were expressed and purified as described previously (14, 16).

Transient Expression in COS7 Cells and Immunofluorescence Microscopy-- WASP (WT and mutants) and Cdc42 (G12V and T17N) were subcloned into pEF-BOS mammalian expression vectors (14). COS7 cells were transfected with these plasmids by electroporation and subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy as described previously (14). About 70% of transfected cells indicated each phenotype.

GST Fusion Protein-WASP Binding Assay-- WASP (WT, H246DSH, or PR)-expressing COS7 cell lysates were prepared as follows. Cells were harvested with lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Triton X-100, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and sonicated. After centrifugation, the soluble fraction was collected as cell lysates.

150 µg of GST-Cdc42 was immobilized on 30 µl of glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The GST-Cdc42 beads were incubated in 50 µl of GTPS or GDP-binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM EDTA, 10 mM GTPS or GDP) at 30 °C for 10 min, and then MgCl₂ was added to a final concentration of 10 mM. The GTPS or GDP-loaded GST-Cdc42 beads were suspended and incubated in WASP-expressing COS7 lysates (WT or H246DSH) with 5 mM MgCl₂ at 4 °C for 2 h with rotation. In the case of profilin I, 150 µg of GST-profilin I was immobilized on 30 µl of glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads. The GST-profilin I beads were suspended and incubated in WASP-expressing COS7 lysates (WT or PR) at 4 °C for 2 h with rotation. After being washed with lysis buffer (without Triton X-100 and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), the beads were suspended in SDS sample buffer, and Western blotting was performed.

Far Western Blotting-- GST and GST-CRIB (WT or H246DSH) were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by blotting to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. After blocking and washing with binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% Triton X-100), the membranes were incubated with probes for 5 min and washed with binding buffer. The signal was visualized by autoradiography. The probes were prepared as follows. Cdc42 cleaved from GST fusion protein by thrombin digestion was dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM EDTA. Then the GTP-binding reaction was performed. 300 µl of reaction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM EDTA, 6 µg of Cdc42, 30 µCi of [-³²P]GTP) was incubated at 30 °C for 10 min, and then 8µl, 40, and 200 µl of this Cdc42 added to 492, 460, and 300 µl of binding buffer and MgCl₂ (final 10 mM), respectively.

CRIB Domain-C-terminal Domain Binding Assay-- 30 µg of GST-VCA was immobilized on 15 µl of glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads. The beads were incubated with various concentrations of His-CRIB protein (WT or H246DSH) in buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) at 4 °C for 2 h with rotation. Then they were washed, and Western blotting was performed.

WASP-Arp2/3 Binding Assay-- 10 µg of GST-full length (WT or H246DSH) or -VCA was immobilized on 40 µl of glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads. The beads were incubated with 0.2 or 1 µM Arp2/3 complex in the buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and 200 mM KCl) at 4 °C for 2 h with rotation. Then they were washed, and Western blotting was performed. The Arp2/3 complex was purified from bovine brain by the method described previously (19).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Verprolin-Cofilin-Acidic Domain Is Essential for the Actin Clustering Induced by WASP-- We first tried to determine which region of WASP is essential for the regulation of actin cytoskeleton. As described above, WASP is composed of many functional domains. In the case of N-WASP, another WASP family protein, both the VCA domain and the PR domain have been shown to be important for the formation of actin microspikes (14, 15, 17, 20). The VCA domain and the PR domain of N-WASP directly bind to actin and profilin, respectively (15, 17). In reference to these results, to examine which domain of WASP is important for the actin clustering, we prepared two deletion constructs PRVCA (lacking both the PR and VCA domains) and PR (lacking only the PR domain) schematically shown in Fig. 1A, and transfected COS7 cells with them. We checked the expression of each protein by Western blotting and confirmed that the two proteins are expressed at similar levels (Fig. 1B). We next immunostained the cells with anti-WASP antibody and phalloidin to visualize the expressed WASP (including mutants) and actin filaments (F-actin), respectively. As a result, PR was found to induce actin clustering as well as did the wild type (WT), whereas PRVCA did not (Fig. 2A), suggesting that the VCA domain is essential for the formation of actin clustering. This conclusion is consistent with a previous report in which the deletion of the VCA domain was shown to abolish the actin clustering activity (3)

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   WASP constructs used in this study. A, schematic structures of wild type and mutant constructs of WASP used in this study. B, ectopic expression of WASP in COS7 cells. COS7 cells were transfected with various WASP expression constructs. The cells were harvested, and the cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting. The expressed WASP (wild type and mutants) was detected with anti-WASP antibody or anti-c-Myc antibody.

View larger version (48K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Verprolin-cofilin-acidic domain is essential for the actin clustering induced by WASP. A, immunofluorescence staining of cells untransfected and transfected with WT, PRVCA, and PR WASP. COS7 cells were transfected with WASP constructs (WT, PRVCA, or PR). WASP and F-actin were visualized with anti-WASP antibody and phalloidin, respectively. B, profilin-WASP binding assay. WASP (WT or PR)-expressing COS7 cell lysates were incubated with GST or GST-profilin I-immobilized glutathione beads. The bound proteins were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting with anti-WASP antibody. GST or GST-profilin was visualized by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of the gels.

The results presented above also suggest that direct binding to profilin is not required for the actin clustering, because the PR domain in N-WASP is the site for direct binding to profilin. To confirm this hypothesis, we examined the possible interaction between WASP and profilin. WASP (WT or PR)-expressing COS7 cell lysate was incubated with GST or GST-profilin I immobilized on beads, and then the bound protein was examined by Western blotting with anti-WASP antibody. Fig. 2B shows that PR failed to bind to profilin, whereas WT did bind. Taken together, these results indicate that WASP induces actin clustering in a manner independent of direct binding with profilin via the PR domain.

Determination of the Region Essential for the Clustering of WASP Itself-- It was shown that PRVCA composed only of the N-terminal 310 residues of WASP clusters especially around the nucleus like the wild type WASP (Fig. 2A). This indicates that the unidentified signal that determines the intracellular localization of WASP exists within the 310 residues. The N terminus of WASP contains many functional domains such as the PH domain, WASP insert (WI) domain, which is WASP-unique proline-rich domain compared with N-WASP, basic-rich region (BR), and GBD/CRIB motif (Fig. 1A). To determine which domains are important for the clustering of WASP, we transfected COS7 cells with various N-terminal deletion constructs such as PHWI, WI, and PH (Fig. 1A). As shown in Fig. 3A, WI was shown to cluster around the nuclei with F-actin as well as did the WT, indicating that the WI domain is not required for the clustering. In contrast, PHWI and PH did not cluster around the nuclei but instead induced marked retraction of the plasma membrane (Fig. 3A). Most of the expressed PHWI and PH proteins seemed to accumulate at the plasma membrane. These results suggest that the PH domain is important for WASP clustering. We next examined whether the PH domain is sufficient for the clustering by expressing other N terminus-modified constructs such as PH, PHWI, and PHBR (Fig. 1A). Although PH (data not shown) and PHWI were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, PHBR clustered around the nuclei as did wild type WASP (Fig. 3B). These results indicate that the region from the PH domain to the basic-rich region is essential for WASP clustering.

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   N terminus-modified WASP expression in COS7 cells. Immunofluorescence staining of cells transfected with various WASP constructs such as WT, PHWI, WI, and PH (A) and PHWI and PHBR (B).

WASP Induces Actin Clusters without Direct Cdc42 Interaction-- A previous study by Symons et al. (3) showed that the expression of dominant-negative Cdc42 suppresses WASP-induced actin clustering. Indeed, we also confirmed that this inhibition occurs in COS7 cells (described later). To examine whether direct binding is required for actin cluster formation, we prepared a GBD/CRIB motif-modified construct (H246DSH; Fig. 1A).

We first checked whether this mutation really abolishes binding to Cdc42. First, we investigated the binding by using GST-Cdc42-immobilized beads. WASP (WT or H246DSH)-expressing COS7 cell lysates were incubated with GST or GST-Cdc42 (pre-loaded with GDP or GTPS) immobilized on beads. Then Western blotting with anti-WASP antibody was performed. H246DSH failed to bind to GTPS-loaded GST-Cdc42, whereas WT did bind (Fig. 4A). Second, we performed immunoprecipitation. WASP (WT or H246DSH) and c-Myc-tagged Cdc42G12V were co-expressed in COS7 cells, and the cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-c-Myc antibody. Fig. 4B shows that Cdc42 did not co-precipitate with H246DSH at all. Third, we examined the direct association between GBD/CRIB motif in WASP and Cdc42. GST and GST-CRIB (WT and H246DSH) blotted on membranes were incubated with Cdc42 (loaded with ³²P-labeled GTP), and a positive signal was detected by autoradiography. As shown in Fig. 4C, Cdc42 bound to only wild type GST-CRIB. The results of these three experiments clearly indicate that H246DSH does not bind to Cdc42.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   H246DSH does not bind to Cdc42. A, Cdc42-WASP binding assay using GST-Cdc42 immobilized on beads. GST or GST-Cdc42 (pre-loaded with GDP or GTPS) immobilized on beads were incubated with WASP (WT or H246DSH)-expressing COS7 cell lysates. The bound proteins were subjected to Western blotting with anti-WASP antibody. GST and GST-Cdc42 were visualized by Coomassie staining. B, immunoprecipitation. WASP (WT or H246DSH) and c-Myc-tagged Cdc42G12V were co-expressed in COS7 cells, and the cell lysates were precipitated with anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody (9E10). The immunoprecipitates were subjected to Western blotting with anti-WASP and c-Myc antibodies. C, Far Western blotting. GST and GST-CRIB (WT and H246DSH) were electrophoresed on a SDS gel and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membrane was incubated with different concentration of [32P]GTP-labeled Cdc42. The positive signal was detected by autoradiography.

We next examined the effect of H246DSH expression by immunofluorescence microscopy. Unexpectedly, this Cdc42-binding defective mutant also induced actin clusters like wild type WASP (Fig. 5A). In the case of N-WASP, the actin-regulating VCA domain is thought to be masked at the resting state by the intra- and/or intermolecular interaction with the region containing the GBD/CRIB motif (14). Another effector of Cdc42, p21-activated kinase is also thought to be kept inactive at the resting state, and its GBD/CRIB motif-modified mutant that does not bind to Cdc42 becomes constitutively active (21, 22). Because there is a possibility that the GBD/CRIB motif-modified mutant, H246DSH, is also constitutively active, we checked for interaction between WASP (WT and H246DSH) and its downstream effector, the Arp2/3 complex (23). For this purpose, we first prepared anti-Arp3 antibody (Fig. 5B). Using this antibody, it was found that full-length WASP (WT and H246DSH) weakly binds to the Arp2/3 complex compared with the VCA protein and that there is no significant difference in binding to the Arp2/3 complex between the WT and H246DSH full-length WASPs (Fig. 5C). This result strongly supports the idea that the H246DSH mutant still keeps the normal protein conformation. In support of this possibility, the GBD/CRIB motif-containing region of H246DSH associated with the VCA domain-containing region with the same affinity as the WT GBD/CRIB motif-containing region (Fig. 5D). Taken together, the results suggest that direct binding with Cdc42 is dispensable for actin cluster formation. Further, to examine whether H246DSH-induced actin cluster formation is affected by dominant-negative Cdc42, we co-transfected COS7 cells with H246DSH and Cdc42T17N. As shown in Fig. 6, the co-expression of dominant-negative Cdc42 also suppressed the formation of actin clusters induced by H246DSH. Thus, we conclude that WASP has some functional interaction with Cdc42, but direct physical interaction between them is not required for actin cluster formation.

View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Transient expression of GBD/CRIB motif-mutated WASP, H246DSH in COS7 cells. A, induction of actin clusters by H246DSH. COS7 cells were transfected with WASP constructs (WT or H246DSH). WASP and F-actin were visualized with anti-WASP antibody and phalloidin, respectively. B, anti-Arp3 antibody is specific for Arp3. Purified Arp2/3 complex was subjected to Western blotting with anti-Arp3 antibody. C, comparison of the Arp2/3 complex-binding affinity between WT and H246DSH. GST, GST-full length (WT or H246DSH), or GST-VCA immobilized on beads was incubated with purified Arp2/3 complex. The amount of bound Arp2/3 complex was examined by Western blotting with anti-Arp3 antibody. D, comparison of VCA-binding affinity between WT and H246DSH. GST or GST-VCA immobilized on beads was incubated with purified His-CRIB (WT or H246DSH) solutions. The bound proteins were subjected to Western blotting with anti-WASP antibody.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   Cdc42T17N inhibits actin cluster formation induced by GBD/CRIB motif-mutated WASP, H246DSH. COS7 cells were transfected with both H246DSH and Cdc42T17N (c-Myc-tagged). The cells were stained with anti-WASP antibody, anti-c-Myc antibody, and phalloidin to visualize WASP, Cdc42, and F-actin, respectively.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

It has been suggested that WASP plays a key role in regulating cytoskeletal reorganization. However, little is known about the mechanism by which it does so. WASP has many functional domains through which it interacts with various signaling and/or cytoskeletal proteins. Ectopic expression of WASP has been shown to induce the clustering of the expressed WASP itself (3). In addition, actin filaments are also accumulated at the clusters of WASP. Although the physiological relevance of this WASP/actin cluster is unknown, the existence of similar vesicle-like structures is reported in phorbol ester-treated MEG-01 magakaryoblastic cell line (11), suggesting the importance of the clusters in vivo. It has been reported that Cdc42 regulates the formation of these WASP/actin clusters (3), because activated Cdc42 directly binds to the GBD/CRIB motif of WASP and the expression of its dominant-negative mutant completely inhibits the cluster formation (3). Thus, we started to investigate which domains are required for the actin clustering and the accumulation of WASP itself and the role of Cdc42 in the process.

First, the VCA domain was shown to be essential for the accumulation of actin filaments. This result is consistent with a previous study in which the deletion of the C-terminal 59 amino acid residues resulted in the inability to induce the actin clustering (3). The VCA domain consists of a verprolin homology (VPH) domain, a cofilin homology domain, and a highly acidic region. We reported that direct interaction between the VPH domain and actin is essential for cytoskeletal reorganization in the case of N-WASP, suggesting that the VPH domain of WASP might also be required for actin clustering (20). Recently, it has been reported that the Arp2/3 complex, which plays an important role in nucleating actin filaments, binds to the C terminus of WASP (23). The binding region was narrowed down to the C-terminal 38 residues in the case of WAVE/Scar1, a WASP/N-WASP-related protein that also possess a similar VCA domain. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the region plays a critical role in Rac-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton (23, 24). The C-terminal Arp2/3 binding region is corresponds to the cofilin homology domain and the acidic region. The deletion of eight residues in the cofilin homology domain (amino acids 473-480), as expected, resulted in the inhibition of the accumulation of actin filaments (data not shown). Thus, both the actin binding to the VPH domain and the Arp2/3-binding to the region from cofilin homology domain to the acidic region are important in actin clustering. This may trigger the actin nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex and induce the subsequent actin polymerization on newly formed actin filaments.

The region important for the clustering of WASP itself was narrowed down to one covering from the N-terminal PH domain to the basic residue-rich region. The PH domain seemed to be essential, because the deletion mutants of the PH domain showed a different intracellular localization from the wild type WASP. It has been reported that the PH domain may be responsible for cellular localization via interactions with specific lipids and/or proteins (25-31). In the case of phospholipase C₁, the PH domain specifically interacts with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and localizes to plasma membrane (28). In contrast, the PH domain of -adrenergic receptor kinase specifically recognizes the subunit of the G-protein and, through the interaction with G, inactivates G-protein-coupled receptor (29-31). Therefore, it is quite probable and reasonable that the PH domain of WASP also recognizes some specific lipids and/or proteins and locates WASP to the special structures seen in the photographs shown in the figures.

Lastly, we found that WASP does not need to associate directly with Cdc42 to induce the actin cluster formation. The GBD/CRIB motif-containing region was shown to bind to the actin-regulating VCA domain (Fig. 5D), suggesting that WASP also takes some folded inactive structure as N-WASP. Thus, some other proteins and/or specific lipids play a role as an activator of WASP in cells. However, the results shown in Fig. 6 indicate that Cdc42 affects the actin cluster formation induced by WASP, even in the case of Cdc42-binding defective WASP mutant. Some other factors link Cdc42 and WASP, signal transduction pathways of WASP and Cdc42 are both required for actin cluster formation, or Cdc42 functions downstream of WASP. Although we cannot answer here which possibility is true, this is a new concept and gives us a novel insight into the regulation and/or function of WASP.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank Shiro Suetsugu in our laboratory for profilin constructs.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan and a Grant-in-Aid for Research for the Future Program from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^** To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-3-5449-5510; Fax: 81-3-5449-5417; E-mail: takenawa@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: PH, pleckstrin homology; CRIB, Cdc42 and Rac interactive binding; GBD, GTPase binding domain; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PR, proline-rich; VCA, verprolin-cofilin-acidic; WT, wild type; GTPS, guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate; WI, WASP insert; BR, basic-rich region; VPH, verprolin homology.

	REFERENCES

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