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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 9, 5333-5338, February 26, 1999


Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor-activated Signaling Pathways in Human Neutrophils
INVOLVEMENT OF Jak2 IN THE STIMULATION OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE*

Amin Al-Shami and Paul H. NaccacheDagger

From the Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte Foy, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada

    ABSTRACT
Top
Abstract
Introduction
References

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates many of the biological activities of human neutrophils. The signaling pathways via which these effects are mediated are not fully understood. We have shown previously that GM-CSF treatment of human neutrophils activates the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway and, more specifically, Jak2, STAT3, and STAT5B in neutrophils. GM-CSF also stimulates the activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) in a tyrosine kinase-dependent manner. Here we report that pretreating the cells with a Jak2 inhibitor (AG-490) abolishes tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase induced by GM-CSF. Furthermore, p85 was found to associate with Jak2, but not with Lyn, in stimulated cells in situ and with its autophosphorylated form in vitro; however, Jak2 did not bind to either of the two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase. Although STAT5B bound to the carboxyl-terminal SH2 domain of p85, it was absent from the complex containing PI3-kinase and Jak2. These results suggest that stimulation of the activity of PI3-kinase induced by GM-CSF is mediated by Jak2 and that the association between Jak2 and p85 depends on an adaptor protein yet to be identified.

    INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
References

Neutrophils are the most numerous of the white blood cells. They play, among others, a critical role in the nonspecific immune response. Several cytokines regulate the differentiation as well as the activity of neutrophils (1-4). Among these is granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF),1 a glycoprotein released by several cell types which supervises the maturation process of granulocyte and monocyte progenitors (5-7). In addition, several of the biological activities of mature neutrophils are also regulated by GM-CSF, which acts mainly by priming these cells and making them more responsive to secondary stimuli. For example, superoxide production (7-9) and phagocytosis (10) are both enhanced in neutrophils pretreated with GM-CSF as is the activation of several signaling pathways including the mobilization of calcium (11), the activation of phospholipase D (12, 13), and the stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation (14-16). In addition, a number of direct effects of GM-CSF on neutrophils have been reported. These include the stimulated synthesis of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) (10), increases in the surface expression of adhesion molecules of the beta 2 integrin family (17), in the number as well as the affinity of fMLP receptors (7, 10), and induction of cytosolic alkalinization and tyrosine phosphorylation (14, 18). Although most of these activities have been well documented, the signaling mechanisms that underlay them are still poorly understood.

The GM-CSF receptor is made up of two subunits, termed alpha  and beta  (19). The alpha  subunit binds GM-CSF with low affinity, and only in presence of the beta  subunit is high affinity binding achieved (20). Because of its short cytoplasmic tail, the alpha  subunit was originally believed to play little role in signaling (19, 21). This, however, is being challenged by recent reports suggesting its involvement in regulating cell growth (22, 23). The beta  subunit, on the other hand, has a long intracytoplasmic tail and plays a major role in transmitting the signal inside the cell (24). Neither subunit has intrinsic enzymatic activity, nor are they known to link to G proteins directly (19). Signaling by the GM-CSF receptor depends on the activation of the tyrosine phosphorylation pathways mediated by the stimulation of a number of cytosolic protein tyrosine kinases (25, 26). In neutrophils, we and others have shown that three tyrosine kinases, Lyn (26-28), Fes (29, 30), and Jak2 (29, 31), are activated upon stimulation with GM-CSF. Each of these kinases is involved in the signaling pathways associated with various cytokines (25, 32-34). For example, Jak2 will associate with and phosphorylate the beta  subunit of the GM-CSF receptor upon ligand binding in TF-1 cells (25).

The Jak family functions upstream of a family of transcription factors called STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) (35, 36). Eight different STATs have been identified so far (STAT1 alpha  and beta , STAT2-4, STAT5A and B, and STAT6). The STATs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation (37) and in some cases by an additional serine phosphorylation (38). The phosphorylated STATs will form homo- as well as heterodimers and migrate to the nucleus where they bind specific DNA motifs (35, 36, 39). Which members of the Jak and STAT family are activated varies greatly among different agonists and for the same agonist but in different cell systems (29, 40-43). In neutrophils, we have shown that GM-CSF treatment induces the selective activation of Jak2, STAT3, and STAT5B (44).

Another effector system activated by GM-CSF involves phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) (26). This enzyme phosphorylates the third hydroxyl group of the inositol ring. In vitro, it uses phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns-4-P), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) as substrates leading to the production of PtdIns-3-P, PtdIns-3,4-P2, and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3, respectively (45-47). In vivo, however, only the levels of PtdIns-3,4-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 are modulated by PI3-kinase upon stimulation, whereas the levels of PtdIns-3-P remain unchanged (47). PI3-kinase has been implicated in regulating cell proliferation (48), protein secretion (49), and membrane ruffling (50) in various cell systems. In addition, the products catalyzed by the activation of PI3-kinase, namely PtdIns-3,4-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3, serve as cofactors for several members of the calcium-insensitive protein kinase C family (51, 52) as well as other enzymes such as protein kinase B (53-55). Several members of the PI3-kinase family have been identified so far. The alpha , beta , and delta  are made up of a dimer containing a p85 regulatory subunit and a p110 catalytic subunit (56-58). PI3-kinase gamma  is made up of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p101 regulatory subunit apparently activated by G-protein-linked receptors (31, 59). We have shown that GM-CSF treatment significantly activated PI3-kinase alpha  in human neutrophils and that this activation is mediated by tyrosine kinases (31). However, the identity of the kinases involved remains elusive.

The aim of this report was to examine the potential interrelationships between the Jak/STAT and PI3-kinase pathways during the stimulation of human neutrophils by GM-CSF. The results presented show that inhibition of the tyrosine kinase activity of Jak2 abolished the GM-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase associated with it. In addition, the p85 subunit was found to associate with Jak2 upon stimulation with GM-CSF in situ as well as with autophosphorylated Jak2 in vitro. Finally, STAT5B but not STAT3 associated with the carboxyl SH2 domain of p85 in cellular lysates of cells treated with GM-CSF.

    EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Materials-- GM-CSF was generously provided by the Genetics Institute (Cambridge, MA). Nonidet P-40 was obtained from Sigma. Sephadex G-10, protein A, dextran T-500, and Ficoll-Paque were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. The monoclonal antiphosphotyrosine antibody UB 05-321, the agarose-conjugated antiphosphotyrosine antibodies, the polyclonal anti-Jak2 (06-255) and anti-PI3-kinase (06-195) antibodies as well as purified Jak2 (14-134) were purchased from Upstate Biotechnology Inc. (Lake Placid, NY). Polyclonal antibodies to Lyn (sc-15), STAT3 (sc-482), and STAT5B (sc-835) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc (Santa Cruz, Ca). The GST fusion proteins carrying the SH2 domains of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase were a generous gift from Dr. Tony Pawson (Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). The enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Western blotting system was obtained from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech.

Neutrophil Preparation-- Blood was collected from healthy adult volunteers into heparinized tubes. The cells were centrifuged for 10 min at 1,000 rpm to remove platelet-rich plasma. After 2% dextran sedimentation of erythrocytes for 30 min, neutrophils were purified under sterile conditions by centrifugation on Ficoll-Paque cushions. Contaminating erythrocytes were removed by hypotonic lysis, and the cells were suspended in magnesium-free Hanks' balanced salt solution containing 1.6 mM CaCl2 at a final count of 40 × 106 cells/ml. The entire procedure was carried out in sterile conditions at room temperature. The final cell preparation comprised at least 97% neutrophils and less than 0.2% monocytes.

Cell Stimulation and Lysis-- Neutrophil suspensions (1 ml of 40 × 106 cells/ml) were either stimulated with 4 nM GM-CSF or treated with the same volume of the diluent (0.01% bovine serum albumin) for the indicated periods of time at 37 °C. For lysates prepared under reducing conditions (60), 500 µl of the cell suspensions was added to equal amounts of denaturing buffer A containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaF, 2 mM NaVO4, 20 mM NaP2O4, 10 µg/ml leupeptin,10 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µM pepstatin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% SDS, and 0.6% beta -mercaptoethanol (final concentrations) preheated to 100 °C, and incubated for 10 min. The lysates were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min at room temperature. The supernatants were then filtered through Sephadex G-10 columns to remove the denaturing agents. To prepare the columns, 3 g of Sephadex/sample was suspended in 10 ml of buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, and 137 mM NaCl (final concentrations) for at least 3 h at room temperature with occasional shaking before use. Nonidet P-40 (1%) and bovine serum albumin (0.1 mg/ml) were added to the eluates which were subsequently used for immunoprecipitation. Lysates (1 ml) obtained as described above were incubated with 10 µg of agarose-conjugated antiphosphotyrosine antibodies or agarose-conjugated SH2 domains of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase for 5 h at 4 °C with constant rotation. The beads were collected by centrifugation and washed twice with modified buffer A containing 1% Nonidet P-40 but no SDS or beta -mercaptoethanol and twice with LiCl buffer (0.5 M LiCl, 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4). The supernatants were removed carefully, 45 µl of 2 × boiling Laemmli buffer (1 × is 62.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 4% SDS, 5% beta -mercaptoethanol, 8.5% glycerol, 2.5 mM NaVO4, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, and 0.025% bromphenol blue) was then added, and the samples were boiled for 10 min before being used for electrophoresis.

For nondenaturing lysis, buffers containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 137 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 25 mM NaF, 2 mM NaVO4, 1 µM pepstatin, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1% Nonidet P-40 (final concentrations) were used. The lysed cells were incubated on ice for 10 min before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 20 min. A preclearing with protein A-Sepharose for 30 min at 4 °C was carried out. The lysates were transferred carefully to new tubes and used for subsequent immunoprecipitation with anti-Jak2 and anti-Lyn antibodies for 2 h at 4 °C. 20 µg of protein A-Sepharose was added next, and the tubes were left at 4 °C for 1 h. The beads were then washed twice with lysis buffer and twice with LiCl buffer (0.5 M LiCl, 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4).

In Vitro Autophosphorylation of Jak2 and Association with p85-- Agarose-conjugated purified Jak2 was suspended in kinase buffer containing 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM MnCl2, 25 mM NaCl, and 0.1 mM NaVO4 for 40 min at 30 °C with or without 1 mM ATP. The enzyme (10 µg) was washed with phosphate-buffered saline and incubated with 1 ml of cellular lysates taken from untreated neutrophils that were prepared under native conditions as described above. The mixture was left at 4 °C for 2 h before being washed twice with LiCl buffer (0.5 M LiCl, 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4).

In Vitro Measurement of PI3-Kinase Activity-- Neutrophils (4 × 106 cells/ml) were treated with 200 µM AG-490 or diluent (dimethyl sulfoxide) for 90 min at 37 °C. The assay to measure the activity of PI3-kinase was conducted as described previously (61). Briefly, PI3-kinase was immunoprecipitated by adding 4 µg of anti-p85 antibodies to 900 µl of nondenatured precleared lysates and left at 4 °C for 2 h. The antibodies were collected after a 1-h incubation at 4 °C with protein A-Sepharose. The immunoprecipitates were washed once with each of the following: lysis buffer, LiCl buffer (0.5 M LiCl, 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4), EDTA buffer (1 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4), and kinase buffer without ATP (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM MnCl2, 5 mM MgCl2). The immunoprecipitates were suspended in 50 µl of kinase buffer containing 300 µg/ml phosphatidylinositol substrate and 10 µCi of [32P]ATP. The reactions were allowed to proceed for 90 s before being quenched with 80 µl of 1 N HCl. The lipids were extracted by the addition of 200 µl of chloroform/methanol (1:1 v/v ratio) and separated on thin layer chromatography plates precoated with ammonium oxalate. The migration solution contained 2-propanol and 2 M acetic acid at a 2:1 v/v ratio. The phosphorylated lipids were revealed by autoradiography. The specificity of PI3-kinase activity was confirmed by its inhibition in the presence of either 20 nM wortmannin or 2.5% Nonidet P-40.

Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting-- Samples were electrophoresed on 7.5-20% SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gels. Electrophoretic transfer cells (Hoefer Scientific Instruments, Canberra Packard, Ontario, Canada) were used to transfer proteins from the gels to Immobilon polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA). Immunoblotting was performed as described previously (34). Briefly, nonspecific sites were blocked using 2% gelatin in TBS-Tween (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8, 190 mM NaCl, 0.15% Tween 20) for 1 h at 37 °C. The first immunoblot was carried out with the indicated antibodies that were incubated with the membranes for 1 h at 37 °C at a final dilution of 1/4,000 in fresh blocking solution. The membranes were washed three times at room temperature in TBS-Tween for a total duration of 30 min and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies for 1 h at 37 °C at a final dilution of 1/20,000 in fresh blocking solution. The membranes were washed three times with TBS-Tween, and the protein bands were revealed using the ECL Western blotting detection system following the manufacturer's directions. To ensure the presence of equal amounts of immunoprecipitated proteins under each condition, the membranes were routinely reblotted with the respective immunoprecipitating antibody. Reprobing was conducted as follows. The polyvinylidene difluoride membranes were treated with TBS buffer containing 1% H2O2 for 5 min at room temperature. The membranes were washed extensively with TBS buffer containing no H2O2 and were then blotted with the immunoprecipitating antibodies as described above.

    RESULTS

The first experiment was designed to examine the effect of AG-490, a reportedly specific Jak2 inhibitor (62), on the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins induced by GM-CSF in human neutrophils. Cells at 4 × 106/ml were incubated with 200 µM AG-490 or its diluent (dimethyl sulfoxide) for 90 min at 37 °C. The cells were then suspended in Hanks' balanced salt solution at 40 × 106/ml and stimulated with 4 nM GM-CSF or diluent (0.01% BSA) for 10 min at 37 °C and subsequently added to an equal volume of boiling sample buffer. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and immunoblotted with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. As shown in Fig. 1, GM-CSF induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins in the 150-140-, 120-, 90-, 80-, 70-, 55-, and 40-kDa region (63, 64). Treating cells with AG-490 led to a decrease in the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of most of these proteins especially those with molecular masses in the 140-, 120-, 90-, 80-, and 40-kDa ranges (indicated by arrows). AG-490 was used at 200 µM, a concentration that provided the optimal inhibition of Jak2 within 90 min of preincubation without affecting the survival of the cells as evidenced from testing by trypan blue (data not shown). In addition, neutrophils pretreated with AG-490 were responsive to treatment with IL-8 and fMLP, two agonists that utilize G-protein-linked receptors (data not shown). The inhibitory effects of AG-490 were time- and concentration-dependent. Shorter incubation times (30-60 min) or lower concentrations (50, 100, 150 µM) inhibited progressively less the tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by GM-CSF (data not shown).


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  		Fig. 1.   Cells (4 × 106/ml) were pretreated with 200 µM AG-490 for 90 min at 37 °C. The cells were then suspended at 40 × 106/ml before stimulation with GM-CSF (4 nM). Aliquots of the cells were taken and added to boiling Laemmli sample buffer (2×). The immunoblotting was conducted using antiphosphotyrosine antibodies (n = 5). Wb, Western blot.

We have shown previously that the stimulation of human neutrophils by GM-CSF induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit and activation of PI3-kinase (31). We examined next the effect of AG-490 on these two parameters. Cells were incubated with AG-490 as described above and treated with 4 nM GM-CSF or diluent for 15 min at 37 °C. The cells were then lysed under denaturing conditions in buffers containing SDS and beta -mercaptoethanol as described under "Experimental Procedures." After the removal of the denaturing agents, the lysates were incubated with agarose-conjugated antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. The immunoprecipitates were divided into two parts, separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotted with anti-p85 or anti-Jak2 antibodies. As illustrated in Fig. 2A, GM-CSF increased the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 (first two lanes from left). This increase was reduced significantly (75.1%) in cells pretreated with AG-490 (p = 0.0017, n = 4) (third and fourth lanes). As reported previously (31), GM-CSF also increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 (Fig. 2B, first two lanes), an effect that was abolished in cells treated with the Jak2 inhibitor (p = 0.0051, n = 4) (third and fourth lanes). The measurement of the effect of Jak2 inhibition on the level of activity of PI3-kinase induced by GM-CSF in neutrophils followed. Cells were prepared as described above; after stimulation with GM-CSF they were lysed under native conditions. PI3-kinase was immunoprecipitated using specific antibodies for p85, and in vitro kinase assays were conducted using phosphatidylinositol crude extracts as substrate as described under "Experimental Procedures." The lipids were separated by TLC plates, and the reaction products were observed by autoradiography. As presented in Fig. 2C, GM-CSF treatment significantly increased the level of activity of PI3-kinase (p = 0.0026, n = 5) (Fig. 2C, first two bars). This increase was no longer seen when cells were pretreated with AG-490 (p = 0.0079) (Fig. 2C, third and fourth bars).


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  		Fig. 2.   Cells (4 × 106/ml) were pretreated with 200 µM AG-490 for 90 min at 37 °C. The cells were then suspended at 40 × 106/ml before stimulation with GM-CSF (4 nM). Panels A and B, denatured cellular lysates were prepared as described under "Experimental Procedures." Immunoprecipitation was conducted using antiphosphotyrosine antibodies and immunoblotted with anti-Jak2 antibodies and anti-p85 antibodies, respectively (n = 4). Panel C, cells were treated as shown above, and a PI3-kinase assay was conducted as described under "Experimental Procedures." The byproducts were revealed by autoradiography (n = 5). Wb, Western blot; Ipp, immunoprecipitation.

The next experiments were designed to examine the possibility of an in situ association between the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase and two of the tyrosine kinases shown previously to be activated by GM-CSF, namely Lyn (26, 27) and Jak2 (29, 31) in situ upon activation of human neutrophils with GM-CSF. Cells were suspended at 40 × 106/ml and treated with 4 nM GM-CSF or diluent for 10 min at 37 °C. They were then added to a nondenaturing lysis buffer as described under "Experimental Procedures." This was followed by immunoprecipitating Jak2 or Lyn using specific antibodies. The immunoprecipitated proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotted with anti-p85-specific antibodies. As illustrated in Fig. 3, no p85 was detected in Lyn immunoprecipitates whether these were taken from control cells or from cells treated with GM-CSF (first two lanes). On the other hand, p85 was present in the Jak2 immunoprecipitates but only after stimulation with GM-CSF (n = 4). Subsequent immunoblotting with the immunoprecipitating antibodies showed the presence of equal amounts of precipitated kinases under each condition (data not shown).


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  		Fig. 3.   The cells were suspended at 40 × 106/ml before stimulation with 4 nM GM-CSF. Cells were lysed under native conditions as described under "Experimental Procedures." Immunoprecipitation was conducted using anti-Lyn (first two lanes) and anti-Jak2 (third and fourth lanes) antibodies. The membrane was immunoblotted with anti-p85 antibodies (n = 4). Wb, Western blot; Ipp, immunoprecipitation.

The influence of the tyrosine phoshorylation of Jak2 on its association with p85 was examined next. Cells lysates (40 × 106/ml) prepared under nondenaturing conditions were divided in two parts. One part was incubated with agarose-conjugated purified Jak2, and the other was incubated with the same purified Jak2 that had been allowed to autophosphorylate in vitro as described under "Experimental Procedures." The mixtures were incubated at 4 °C for 2 h. The precipitates were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotted with anti-p85 antibodies and subsequently with anti-Jak2 antibodies. The results presented in Fig. 4 showed that p85 recognizes and associates with Jak2 but mostly if the latter has been allowed to autophosphorylate in vitro (p = 0.231, n = 5). Subsequent immunoblotting with anti-Jak2 antibodies showed the presence of equal Jak2 loading in both conditions.


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  		Fig. 4.   Neutrophils were suspended at 40 × 106/ml. Cells were lysed under native conditions as described under "Experimental Procedures" and incubated with agarose-conjugated purified Jak2. The Jak2 in the second lane was allowed to autophosphorylated in vitro before being added to the cellular lysates. Immunoblotting was conducted using anti-p85 antibodies (n = 5). Wb, Western blot; Ipp, immunoprecipitation.

The next set of experiments was aimed at identifying the role that the SH2 domains of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase might play in its association with tyrosine-phosphorylated Jak2. Cells were suspended at 40 × 106/ml and stimulated with 4 nM GM-CSF for 15 min at 37 °C. They were then lysed under denaturing conditions, and the lysates were incubated with GST fusion proteins of the amino- or the carboxyl-terminal SH2 domains of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase. Immunoblotting with anti-Jak2 antibodies did not reveal any association of the kinase with either GST fusion proteins, even after stimulation with GM-CSF (Fig. 5A).


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  		Fig. 5.   Neutrophils were suspended at 40 × 106/ml before stimulation with 4 nM GM-CSF. Denatured cellular lysates were prepared as described under "Experimental Procedures" and were incubated with GST fusion proteins carrying the amino-terminal and the carboxyl-terminal SH2 domains of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase. Panel A, membrane was immunoblotted with anti-Jak2 antibodies. Panel B, membrane was immunoblotted with anti-STAT3 antibodies. Panel C, membrane was immunoblotted with anti-STAT5B antibodies (n = 5). Wb, Western blot.

Because it is possible that Jak2 and PI3-kinase are linked by another protein and because we have shown that GM-CSF activates two members of the STAT family, namely, STAT3 and STAT5B, we tested for the presence of these STATs in the Jak2·PI3-kinase complexes as well as for their potential interactions with the SH2 domains of p85. Immunoblotting the membranes containing the p85·Jak2 complex did not reveal the presence of either STAT3 or STAT5B (data not shown). We then prepared denatured cellular lysates and incubated them with GST fusion proteins of the SH2 domains of p85. Immunoprobing these precipitates with anti-STAT3- or anti-STAT5B-specific antibodies showed that neither protein was associated with the NH2-terminal SH2 domain. On the other hand, STAT3 was detected in the COOH-terminal SH2 domain precipitates in small amounts that were not affected by GM-CSF treatment (Fig. 5B), whereas STAT5B that was bound to the COOH-terminal SH2 domain of p85 in control cells showed an increase upon treatment of cells with GM-CSF (Fig. 5C).

    DISCUSSION

GM-CSF plays key roles in regulating the biological activities of neutrophils (5, 8, 10-12). The signaling pathways involved in mediating these effects are not fully identified or understood. The GM-CSF receptor is made up of two subunits, alpha  and beta  (19), neither of which has an intrinsic kinase domain or is linked to a G-protein (19). Instead, the receptor acts by associating with and activating a number of cytosolic tyrosine kinases including Lyn (26, 27), Fes (30, 65), and Jak2 (29, 31), and these enzymes will, in turn, mediate the activation of the signaling pathways utilized by GM-CSF to induce its various biological responses. One of the effector systems known to be activated by GM-CSF is PI3-kinase. We have shown previously (31) that PI3-kinase and in particular, the p85 regulatory subunit, is tyrosine phosphorylated after the treatment of human neutrophils with GM-CSF and that this phosphorylation is an essential step in activating PI3-kinase. However, the identity of the tyrosine kinases involved in this activation has remained unknown. Previous studies have suggested a role for certain members of the Jak family in PI3-kinase activation in a number of cell systems. Burfoot et al. (66) has shown that PI3-kinase activation in fibrosarcoma cells in response to IL-4 is dependent on members of the Jak family. Similarly, Sharfe et al. (67) reported that in T cells treated with IL-7, Jak3 will associate with PI3-kinase and tyrosine phosphorylate it thus leading to its activation. Because Jak2 is the only member of the Jak family activated by GM-CSF in neutrophils (44), a natural extension was to examine the role it might play in the stimulation of PI3-kinase.

The first set of experiments reported in this manuscript involved a specific Jak2 inhibitor, AG-490 (62), which blocks the kinetic activity of Jak2 and its ability to transphosphorylate upon dimerization of the GM-CSF receptor (68). The use of this inhibitor allowed the examination of the role of Jak2 in the stimulation by GM-CSF of the overall level of tyrosine phosphorylation of human neutrophils and of that of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase in particular. GM-CSF, as shown previously, induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of cellular proteins. The identities of those proteins are not fully known; however, the band at 120 kDa includes Jak2 (31, 44) and Cbl (69), those at 90 kDa the STATs (29, 44), those at 80 kDa contain the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase (31), and the 40 kDa bands include members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (70-72). The proteins at 150-140, 70, and 55 kDa remain unknown. The inhibition of Jak2 by AG-490 led to a decrease in the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins at 140, 120, 90, 80, and 40 kDa and reduced that of Jak2. These results underline the wide scope of the involvement of Jak2 in GM-CSF signaling. AG-490 also completely abolished the tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 normally seen upon stimulation of neutrophils with GM-CSF. This result suggests that Jak2 is involved, directly or indirectly, in the tyrosine phosphorylation of p85, a crucial step in the activation of PI3-kinase.

The next set of experiments was aimed at studying further the relationship between Jak2 and PI3-kinase. Using a coimmunoprecipitation protocol, the formation of a complex between p85 and Jak2 was observed upon stimulation with GM-CSF. This interaction was selective to Jak2 because p85 was absent from Lyn immunoprecipitates, a tyrosine kinase that has been suspected of playing a role in PI3-kinase activation (26). This observation was strengthened further by the experiments that made use of purified Jak2. The results obtained showed that when Jak2 was allowed to autophosphorylate in vitro before being incubated with cellular lysates, it recognized and bound the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase. This association was significantly less when Jak2 was not phosphorylated. Thus the phosphorylation state of Jak2 is crucial to its stimulated association with PI3-kinase.

The p85 subunit of PI3-kinase contains two SH2 domains that mediate the interactions with tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins (73-75). GST fusion proteins carrying the NH2-terminal SH2 or the COOH-terminal SH2 domains of p85 were incubated with denatured cellular lysates. Surprisingly, no Jak2 was detected with either of these two domains. These results suggest several interpretations. First, the association between Jak2 and p85 may be mediated by another, as yet unidentified, protein. Alternatively, the severe degradation problems encountered with neutrophil lysates (60), which dictated the use of harsh denaturing lysis protocol, may have altered the required tertiary confirmation of Jak2. Finally, the interaction between Jak2 and PI3-kinase may depend on sequences other than the SH2 domains of PI3-kinase. It is worth mentioning that no Jak2 was associated with the SH3 domain of p85 in stimulated neutrophils (data not shown).

The Jak tyrosine kinases function upstream of the STAT family of transcription factors (35, 36). A recent report showed that STAT3 associates with p85 and links it to the interferon-gamma receptor (76). Because GM-CSF activates STAT3 and STAT5B in neutrophils (44), the possibility that either of them might act in linking Jak2 to PI3-kinase was also examined. Neither of the two STATs was recovered in the complex formed between Jak2 and PI3-kinase (data not shown). However, STAT5B did associate with the COOH-terminal SH2 domain of p85 in cells treated with GM-CSF. The apparent discrepancy between these two sets of results might be for a number of reasons. One possibility is that the binding between the COOH-terminal SH2 domain and STAT5B observed in vitro does not reflect what goes on in situ. Another possibility is related to the high proteolytic potential of neutrophil lysates. STAT5 was degraded rapidly even in the presence of the mixture of protease inhibitors used (see "Experimental Procedures") when lysis was conducted under nondenaturing conditions. Thus it is possible that STAT5B is normally present in the complex forming between Jak2 and PI3-kinase, but because of heavy degradation its goes undetected in immunoblots performed on precipitates derived from undenatured lysates. As they stand, however, the present results do not support the hypothesis that one of the STATs acts as a bridge linking p85 to Jak2. As mentioned above, this function might be performed by an anchor protein whose identity is presently unknown.

In conclusion, our results show that Jak2 is involved in the tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase and that an association between the two kinases takes place which is subsequent to tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 (and thus presumably to its activation). The association appears to be mediated by an intermediary protein other than STAT3 or STAT5B whose identity is presently unknown.

    FOOTNOTES

* This work was supported in part by grants and fellowships from the Medical Research Council of Canada, the Arthritis Society of Canada, and the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Dagger To whom correspondence should be addressed: CHUL, 2705 Blvd. Laurier, Ste. Foy, Québec G1V4G2, Canada. Tel.: 418-654-2772; Fax: 418-654-2765; E-mail: paul.naccache{at}crchul.ulaval.ca.

    ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; fMLP, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine; Jak, Janus kinase; STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription; PI3-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns, phosphatidylinositol; SH, src homology; GST, glutathione S-transferase.

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R K Turlej, L Fievez, C F Sandersen, S Dogne, N Kirschvink, P Lekeux, and F Bureau
Enhanced survival of lung granulocytes in an animal model of asthma: evidence for a role of GM-CSF activated STAT5 signalling pathway
Thorax, September 1, 2001; 56(9): 696 - 702.
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X.-F. Zhang, J.-F. Wang, E. Matczak, J. Proper, and J. E. Groopman
Janus kinase 2 is involved in stromal cell-derived factor-1{alpha}-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins and migration of hematopoietic progenitor cells
Blood, June 1, 2001; 97(11): 3342 - 3348.
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T. Biwa, M. Sakai, T. Matsumura, S. Kobori, K. Kaneko, A. Miyazaki, H. Hakamata, S. Horiuchi, and M. Shichiri
Sites of Action of Protein Kinase C and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Are Distinct in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-induced Macrophage Proliferation
J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2000; 275(8): 5810 - 5816.
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 Arch SurgHome page
E. R. Goodman, P. Stricker, M. Velavicius, R. Fonseca, E. Kleinstein, R. Lavery, E. A. Deitch, C. J. Hauser, and H. H. Simms
Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Its Receptor in the Genesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Through an Effect on Neutrophil Apoptosis
Arch Surg, October 1, 1999; 134(10): 1049 - 1054.
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W.-L. Shih, M.-L. Kuo, S.-E. Chuang, A.-L. Cheng, and S.-L. Doong
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-beta -induced Apoptosis through the Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., August 11, 2000; 275(33): 25858 - 25864.
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A. Kusch, S. Tkachuk, H. Haller, R. Dietz, D. C. Gulba, M. Lipp, and I. Dumler
Urokinase Stimulates Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration via a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Tyk2 Interaction
J. Biol. Chem., December 8, 2000; 275(50): 39466 - 39473.
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K. Cieslik, C. S. Abrams, and K. K. Wu
Up-regulation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Promoter by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase gamma /Janus Kinase 2/MEK-1-dependent Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., January 5, 2001; 276(2): 1211 - 1219.
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A. R. Simon, S. Takahashi, M. Severgnini, B. L. Fanburg, and B. H. Cochran
Role of the JAK-STAT pathway in PDGF-stimulated proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): L1296 - L1304.
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