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J Biol Chem, Vol. 275, Issue 16, 12237-12242, April 21, 2000

Functional Properties of a New Voltage-dependent Calcium Channel ₂ Auxiliary Subunit Gene (CACNA2D2) ^*

Boning Gao, Yoshitaka Sekido, Anton Maximov^§, Mohamad Saad, Eva Forgacs, Farida Latif^¶, Ming H. Wei, Michael Lerman, Jung-Ha Lee^**, Edward Perez-Reyes^**, Ilya Bezprozvanny^§, and John D. Minna

From the  Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and ^§ Physiology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, ^¶ University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom,  Laboratory of Immunobiology, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, and ^** Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

We have positionally cloned and characterized a new calcium channel auxiliary subunit, ₂-2 (CACNA2D2), which shares 56% amino acid identity with the known ₂-1 subunit. The gene maps to the critical human tumor suppressor gene region in chromosome 3p21.3, showing very frequent allele loss and occasional homozygous deletions in lung, breast, and other cancers. The tissue distribution of ₂-2 expression is different from ₂-1, and ₂-2 mRNA is most abundantly expressed in lung and testis and well expressed in brain, heart, and pancreas. In contrast, ₂-1 is expressed predominantly in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. When co-expressed (via cRNA injections) with _1B and ₃ subunits in Xenopus oocytes, ₂-2 increased peak size of the N-type Ca²⁺ currents 9-fold, and when co-expressed with _1C or _1G subunits in Xenopus oocytes increased peak size of L-type channels 2-fold and T-type channels 1.8-fold, respectively. Anti-peptide antibodies detect the expression of a 129-kDa ₂-2 polypeptide in some but not all lung tumor cells. We conclude that the ₂-2 gene encodes a functional auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels. Because of its chromosomal location and expression patterns, CACNA2D2 needs to be explored as a potential tumor suppressor gene linking Ca²⁺ signaling and lung, breast, and other cancer pathogenesis. The homologous location on mouse chromosome 9 is also the site of the mouse neurologic mutant ducky (du), and thus, CACNA2D2 is also a candidate gene for this inherited idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Electrophysiological and molecular cloning studies have revealed an incredible diversity of voltage-gated calcium channels. They are formed by heteromultimeric complexes of 1, ₂, , and  subunits. The 1 subunits contain the channel pore, voltage sensors, and the receptors for various classes of drugs and toxins (1). There are three families of 1 subunits: the L-type, Ca_v1, family, composed of 1S, 1C (Ca_v1.2), 1D, and 1F; the non-L-type high voltage-activated, or Ca_v2, family, which contains the P/Q-types encoded by 1A, the N-type encoded by 1B (Ca_v2.2), and R-types encoded by 1E; and the T-type family, or Ca_v3, encoded by 1G (Ca_v3.1), 1H, and 1I (2). The  subunit family is less diverse, with only four genes cloned so far (3). Co-expression studies have established two physiological roles of  subunits in high voltage-activated Ca²⁺ channels: they dramatically increase 1 expression at the plasma membrane, and they alter the biophysical properties of the channel currents. In general,  subunits have little effect on the expression of low voltage-activated currents (4). Although only one  and ₂ subunit have been characterized biochemically, recent evidence suggests that there may be additional members of these gene families (5-7). The 1 subunit was shown to be part of the skeletal muscle L-type channel (8); coexpression studies have indicated that it aids in the formation of L-type channels, as assayed by dihydropyridine binding (9), and may play a role in channel inactivation (10).

The ₂ subunit (₂-1) was first identified in biochemical studies of skeletal muscle L-type Ca²⁺ channels (reviewed in Ref. 1). Using antibodies, it has also been shown to be part of the cardiac L-type and neuronal N-type channels (11, 12). ₂-1 cDNA has been cloned from skeletal muscle and brain cDNA libraries (13-15). The 175-kDa protein product is post-translationally cleaved to form disulfide-linked ₂ and  peptides, both of which are heavily glycosylated. Biochemical and mutation analysis supports a single transmembrane domain in the  subunit that anchors the ₂ protein to the membrane (16). Coexpression of ₂-1 with both high voltage-activated and low voltage-activated 1 subunits facilitates the assembly of channels in the plasma membrane (4, 9, 17). Coexpression studies also indicate that ₂-1 can alter the pharmacological properties of L-type channels (18). In contrast to the  subunits that have a dramatic effect on gating of all high voltage-activated channel in many expression systems, the effects of ₂-1 are more controversial, perhaps depending on the 1 subunit used or the expression system. For example, ₂-1 has little or no effect on either L-type (18, 19) or N-type currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes (17) but appears to affect inactivation of L-type channels expressed in mammalian cells (20, 21). The opposite result occurred in studies on 1E-mediated currents, where no effect was observed in mammalian cells (22) and effects on channel inactivation were observed in Xenopus oocytes (23). The ₂-1 subunit has a high affinity binding site for the anti-epileptic drug gabapentin (16). Gabapentin has been shown to modestly inhibit (~30%) neuronal Ca²⁺ currents, although it is unclear if this is its mechanism of action (24).

We have been attempting to identify a new human tumor suppressor gene in chromosome region 3p21.3, where frequent allele loss and occasional homozygous deletions have been found in lung, breast, and other human tumors (25). Several genes in the region have been identified using positional cloning strategies. The sequence of one of the genes and its mRNA splicing variants in the region (₂-2; GenBank^TM numbers AF040709, AF042792, and AF042793; CACNA2D2) showed extensive homology with the known calcium channel ₂-1 subunit. We have studied the tissue distribution of expression of this new ₂-2 gene and tested the function of the gene product in Xenopus oocytes by coexpressing ₂-2 cRNAs along with a representative member of the three families of calcium subunit 1 subunits. We find a pattern of expression different from the other ₂ subunit, whereas the ₂-2 enhances the activity of the calcium subunit 1 subunits.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Positional Cloning of ₂-2 cDNA-- A contig¹ of 22 cosmids covering 600 kb localized to the 3p21.3 small cell lung cancer homozygous deletions isolated from a human placental cosmid library have been described previously (25). The entire contig was sequenced by the joint effort of the Sanger Center (UK) and the Washington University Genome Sequence Center. The obtained sequence information was analyzed by BLAST and GENSCAN Informatics as well as the integrated informatic software package developed by the Garner lab at UT Southwestern, PANORAMA, and we found that cosmid LUCA#11 harbored an EST clone N53512 (Genome Systems) containing a portion of the 3' end as well as putative exons of what would be 2-2. Further Southern blot analysis showed that various exons of the ₂-2 gene are located on cosmid LUCA06 (GenBank^TM number Z84493), LUCA07 (GenBank^TM number Z84494), LUCA08 (GenBank^TM number Z84495), LUCA09 (GenBank^TM number Z75743) LUCA10 (GenBank^TM number Z75742), and LUCA11 (GenBank^TM number Z84492). Based on GENSCAN predictions, a primer set of LUCA11pr5, 5'-CTGAGAGTGAGGATGTGGAA-3'(sense primer), and LUCA11pr18, 5'-GTGCATCCTCATACACGTTG-3' (antisense primer), was used for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification for normal lung cDNA template, and a 960-base pair product was successfully amplified. The 1.5-kb NotI/HindIII fragment of the EST clone N53512 and the 960-base pair product were used as probes on human multiple tissue Northern blots (CLONTECH). The screening of a million clones from a lung cDNA library (CLONTECH) with the 960-base pair reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction product yielded 120 positive clones, which were also screened by probing clone N53512 to obtain the clones with long inserts. Five clones randomly selected as single positives for the 960-base pair probe and 5 clones selected as double positive for both probes were subcloned and sequenced. All of the 10 clones had the sequence of ₂-2, suggesting that all of the 120 clones were ₂-2. Two clones (pY720c21 and pY724c95) that covered the longest sequence were assembled and further inserted into a plasmid expression vector pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen) by standard methods.

Northern Blot Analysis-- Human multiple tissue Northern blots (CLONTECH) were hybridized and washed according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The three short probes were generated using polymerase chain reaction. All probes were labeled with a random-oligonucleotide priming kit (Rad Prime DNA labeling System, Life Technologies, Inc.).

In Vitro Translation and Transient Transfection Studies-- ₂-2 cDNA inserted into plasmid pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen) was used for in vitro translation using [³⁵S]methionine in an in vitro transcription/translation system (TNT Coupled Reticulocyte Systems, Promega). For transfection experiments, non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H1299 cells (3 × 10⁵) were seeded in 3.5-cm culture dishes for 24 h in RPMI 1640 containing 5% fetal bovine serum, and then 1 µg of cloned DNA was introduced into the cells using the LipofectAMINE reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.). For protein expression after transfection, cells were harvested 48 h later and were lysed in 80 µl of sample buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 1% SDS, 10% glycerol, and 0.3M of -mercaptoethanol). NCI-H1299 cells were used for these studies because they do not express endogenous ₂-2 mRNA or protein (see "Results") and are homozygous for multiple polymorphic markers in the 600-kb homozygous deletion region (26) and, thus, have undergone loss of heterozygosity for this region.

Antibodies and Western Blots-- Peptide A (YYDAKADAELDDPESEDVERG), corresponding to amino acids 161-181 of ₂-2 (GenBank^TM number AF040709), was synthesized, and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised using a commercial source (Alpha Diagnostic, San Antonio, TX). Antibodies were affinity-purified using this peptide conjugated to agarose beads (amino link immobilization kit; Pierce). Horseradish peroxidase-labeled anti-rabbit antibody and chemiluminescent substrates were used to detect the positive signal.

Electrophysiologic Studies-- For the study of coexpression with 1B and 3 subunits, complementary RNA (cRNA) encoding human brain 1B (27), rabbit skeletal muscle ₂-1(28), rabbit ₃ (29), and ₂-2 subunits was synthesized in vitro using T7 RNA polymerase, resuspended in water at a final concentration of ~1 mg/ml, and stored at 80 °C until injection. Xenopus oocytes harvested by standard methods (30) were injected with a mixtures of the following transcripts: 1B+₃, 1B+₃+₂-1, 1B+₃+₂-2, or ₂-2 alone (approximately 50 ng of total cRNA/oocyte). Two days later oocytes were analyzed using standard two-electrode voltage-clamp technique with 5 mM Ba²⁺ as a charge carrier (31). The holding potential was 120 mV. Currents were recorded in response to test potentials ranging from 110 to +100 mV, filtered at 200 Hz, then analyzed using pClamp 6.04 (Axon Instruments) and Origin (Microcal) software. Leak and capacitance currents were subtracted on-line with a P/4 protocol.

For the studies of coexpression with 1C and 1G subunits, cRNA of either 1C, 1G, or ₂-2 cDNA was synthesized using Ambion Megascript kit according to the supplier's protocol (Ambion, Austin, TX). Due to low expression of wild-type 1C, we used the modified cDNA N60, which is truncated by 60 amino acids at the N-terminal end of the rabbit cardiac 1 subunit (32). The rat brain 1G cDNA (33) was contained in the vector pGEM-HE (34). Fifty nl of cRNA (5 ng for 1C, 5 ng for 1G, and 2.5 ng for ₂-2) of either 1C alone, 1C plus ₂-2, 1G alone, or 1G plus ₂-2 were injected into each oocyte using a Drummond Nanoject pipette injector (Parkway, PA). Expression of injected cRNA was measured from the 4th day after injection for 1C alone or 1C plus ₂-2 and the 6-7th day after injection for 1G alone or 1G plus ₂-2 using the two-electrode voltage clamp method. Currents were measured in either 40 mM Ba²⁺ solution (40 mM Ba(OH)₂, 50 mM NaOH, 1 mM KOH, and 5 mM HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.4 with methanesulfonic acid) for L-type currents or 10 mM Ba²⁺ solution (10 mM Ba(OH)₂, 80 mM NaOH, 1 mM KOH, and 5 mM HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.4 with methanesulfonic acid) for T-type currents. Data were sampled at either 2 kHz for L-type currents or 5 kHz for T-type currents using the pClamp 6 system via a Digidata 1200 A/D converter (Axon Instrument, Foster city, CA). Leak currents were subtracted using a P/+4 for L-type currents or a P/6 for T-type currents.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Characteristics of ₂-2 cDNA and Its Predicted Amino Acid Sequence-- Human chromosome 3p21.3 is deleted in many small cell lung cancers. While searching for a putative tumor suppressor gene in this region, we identified a gene (GenBank^TM number AF040709, AF042792, and AF042793) that appeared to encode a homolog of the ₂ subunit of Ca²⁺ channels. An open reading frame of 3,435 nucleotides encoding 1,145 amino acids was identified. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence is 129,343 Da. BLAST searches and homology alignment revealed that the predicted protein shares 56% amino acid sequence identity with the human auxiliary ₂-1 subunit (GenBank^TM number M76559) of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels (13). Therefore we refer to the gene product as ₂-2 and the gene as CACNA2D2. Notably, 17 out of 22 cysteines in ₂-2 are conserved with ₂-1, suggesting that the two proteins share similar overall secondary structure. Similar to the ₂-1 subunit, the ₂-2 sequence contains multiple putative N'-glycosylation sites and is likely to be glycosylated.

Tissue Specificity of ₂-2 Expression-- Tissue distribution of ₂-2 expression was examined by Northern blot hybridization of the human multiple tissue blots (CLONTECH) using the entire coding region (Fig. 1, A and B) as well as three different short probes (nucleotides 510-653 (Fig. 1C) and nucleotides 993-1152 (Fig. 1D) and 2729-3293 (Fig. 1E). An approximately 5.5-kb ₂-2 mRNA was found and appeared most abundant in lung and testis, abundant in brain, heart, and pancreas, and detected at low amounts in prostate and skeletal muscle in all of the four Northern blot analysis. The significance of the results will be discussed in the discussion section.

View larger version (46K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Expression of 2-2 in normal human tissues. Human multiple tissue blots (CLONTECH) were hybridized with 32P-labeled cDNA synthesized from the entire coding sequence of 2-2 (A and B). Sizes of the RNA markers are indicated on the left. PBL, peripheral blood lymphocyte. Probes for C, D, and E are indicated at the bottom of each figure.

Biochemical Properties of the ₂-2 Protein-- To characterize the biochemical properties of ₂-2 protein, we translated the ₂-2 cDNA in vitro and in vivo. The product of in vitro translation is a single band with the molecular mass of ~130 kDa (Fig. 2A), which is consistent with the calculated molecular mass of 129,268 Daltons. For in vivo expression, the ₂-2 coding sequence was inserted into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen) and transfected into non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H1299, which does not express ₂-2 mRNA or its protein (Fig. 2C). An affinity-purified anti-₂-2 peptide antibody detected an ~150-kDa protein in the lysate from ₂-2-transfected cells but not in cells transfected with the vector control (Fig. 2B). Most likely, the increase in the apparent molecular mass (129 to 150 kDa) compared with the conceptually translated protein is the result of N'-glycosylation, in agreement with multiple putative N-glycosylation sites in the ₂-2 sequence, which represent known properties of the ₂-1 protein (35). Endogenous ₂-2 protein of 150 kDa was also detected in some lung tumor cell lines using the same antibody (Fig. 2C), which further confirmed our conceptual translation and anti-peptide antibody preparation were correct.

View larger version (67K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   A, in vitro transcription and translation of 2-2. Lane 1, in vitro transcription and translation of 2-2 in expression vector pcDNA3.1. Lane 2, no DNA was added in the same reaction. The arrow indicates the expected 130 kDa product. B, Western blot analysis of transfection of NCI-H1299 cells with 2-2. Lane 1, transfection of NCI-H1299 cells with 2-2 in expression vector pcDNA3.1. Lane 2, transfection of NCI-H1299 cells with pcDNA3.1 vector alone. Affinity-purified anti-2-2 peptide antibody was used to detect the protein product. The arrow indicates the expected protein product. Sizes of the prestained protein molecular weight markers are indicated on the right. C, 40 µg of protein from tumor cell lysates were loaded in each lane. Lane 1, NCI-H2O77 (adenocarcinoma); lane 2, NCI-H358 (adenocarcinoma); lane 3, NCI-H2106 (large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma); lane 4, NCI-H1299 (large cell carcinoma) cells.

Functional Properties of ₂-2-- To test for functional expression of the ₂-2 subunit, we performed a series of two-electrode voltage clamp experiments using the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system. Injection of oocytes with cRNA encoding the pore-forming human 1B subunit together with an auxiliary ₃ subunit resulted in expression of functional N-type calcium channels in oocyte plasma membranes with a peak current of 1.0 ± 0.1 µA (n = 4) (Fig. 3A). Channel activity was indicated as representative inward barium currents observed in response to 0 mV and +20 mV test potentials. The magnitude of N-type currents was increased 9-fold to 9.1 ± 1.4 µA (n = 10) when 1B and ₃ were coexpressed with the rabbit skeletal muscle ₂-1 subunit (Fig. 3B). When co-expressed with 1B and ₃ subunits, the ₂-2 subunit exerted a similar effect on N-type channel expression, increasing peak current size to 7.6 ± 0.6 µA (n = 10) (Fig. 3C). No channel activity was observed after injection of ₂-2 cRNA alone (data not shown). By varying the test potential in the range from 100 mV to + 100 mV we established that the shape and position of current-voltage relationships was similar for all three subunit combinations, with the maximum current at 0 mV test potential and reversal potential at + 50 mV (Fig. 3D).

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Representative records of barium currents evoked by step depolarization from 120 to 0 mV and +20 mV. Oocytes were injected with cRNA encoding: A, 1B+3; B, 1B+3+2-1; C, 1B+3+2-2. Residual capacitance transients at the end of test pulses were removed. D, mean current-voltage curves from two independent injections (mean ± S.E.) with 1B+3 (open circles), 1B+3+2-1 (filled triangles), and 1B+3+2-2 (filled circles) cRNA combinations. E, current-voltage relationships of 1C alone (filled circles) and 1C/2-2 (circles) induced currents. Currents were evoked by a series of test pulses of 50 mV to +70 mV from a holding potential of 70 mV in 40 mM Ba2+ solution. Average 1C currents were collected from 33 oocytes; 1C/2-2 currents were from 31 oocytes isolated from three different frogs. Data represent the mean ± S.E. F, current-voltage relationships of 1G (filled squares)- and 1G/2-2 (squares)-induced currents. Currents were elicited by test pulses of 70 mV to +50 mV from a holding potential of 90 mV in 10 mM Ba2+ solution. Average 1G currents were collected from 33 oocytes; 1G/2-2 currents were from 32 oocytes isolated from four frogs. G, average stimulation of 1C and 1G currents by coexpression with 2-2. Since expression of the cloned T-type channels is highly variable between batches of oocytes, each batch was injected with both 1 and 12-2 and stimulation by 2-2 was measured for each batch then averaged.

Stimulation of N-type current expression by 2-1 and ₂-2 subunits (Fig. 3, A-C) is similar to the previously described effect of 2-1 on P/Q-type Ca²⁺ channels formed by 1A and  subunits (36, 37), which has been shown to depend on 2-1 subunit glycosylation (35). Thus, it is likely that ₂-2 subunit is glycosylated when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, as is expected from biochemical and sequence analysis. Noticeably, the ₂-1 but not the ₂-2 subunit was able to hasten N-type Ca²⁺ channel inactivation. Indeed, at the end of a 50-ms test pulse to +20 mV, the size of the current was reduced to 33 ± 10% (n = 8) of the peak current for 1B+₃+₂-1, to 59 ± 5% (n = 24) of the peak current for 1B+₃+₂-2, and to 51 ± 4% (n = 15) of the peak current for 1B+₃ subunit combinations.

To test for an ₂-2 effect on L-type channels, either 1C cRNA alone or 1C plus ₂-2 cRNA were injected into oocytes. Peak currents measured during a series of test potentials were averaged (Fig. 3E). When peak current amplitudes measured at +30 mV were compared, 1C/₂-2 currents were significantly larger than 1C by 201% (t test, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the position of the current-voltage curves, which peaked at ~+35 mV. Similar to the ₂-2 effect on 1C channels, coinjection of ₂-2 cRNA with 1G cRNA increased T-type current amplitudes by 176% (t test, p < 0.05), compared with 1G alone (Fig. 3F). There were no significant differences in their biophysical properties including activation threshold, position of their current-voltage curves, reversal potentials, and activation and inactivation kinetics. We conclude from these experiments that the cloned ₂-2 protein is able to function as an auxiliary subunit of all three subfamilies of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

This study describes the cloning and functional properties of a novel ₂ subunit of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels. The gene (CACNA2D2) was discovered by positional cloning while searching for a lung cancer tumor suppressor gene. GenBank^TM deposits AF040709 and AF042792 represent alternatively spliced forms (in the 5'-untranslated region) with the same conceptual 1,145-amino acid sequence. GenBank^TM deposit AF042793 represents another 5' alternatively spliced form uncommonly found in lung cDNA clones resulting in an open reading frame beginning at the second 5' methionine at codon 70 and, thus, resulting in a deletion of the 70 N-terminal amino acids found in the common ₂-2 form studied here. Sequences were deposited in the GenBank^TM to stimulate research on its function. Klugbauer et al. (7) cloned another related ₂ subunit, then proposed the following nomenclature: ₂-1, for the original ₂ cloned from skeletal muscle; ₂-2, for the protein described herein, and ₂-3, for their novel sequence. Similarly the genes will be referred to as CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2, and CACNA2D3, respectively (38). While this paper was in preparation, an ₂-2 clone (KIAA0558, GenBank^TM number AB011130) was independently isolated by the Kazusa DNA Research Institute from human brain as part of large scale anonymous cDNA sequencing efforts (39). The present study reports on the expression of the CACNA2D2 gene in human tissues and on electrophysiological studies that show it can modulate the expression of functional Ca²⁺ channels.

Expression of the CACNA2D2 gene was determined by Northern analysis. It was most highly expressed in lung and testis, well expressed in brain, heart, and pancreas, and expressed to a lower extent in skeletal muscle and prostate. Our results do not agree with those of Klugbauer et al. (7), who found abundant cross-reactive material from what they reported to be ₂-2 in mRNA from skeletal muscle, pancreas, and heart, with hardly any signal from lung. We feel our expression pattern is the correct one since we had performed four independent Northern blot analysis using four probes including one (nt 2729-3293) that is very similar to the probe that Klugbauer et al. (7) used (nucleotides 2877-3249).The result of our cDNA screening also supports the high expression of ₂-2 in lung, since we obtained 120 ₂-2 clones from a screening of 1 million clones of a lung cDNA library. A possible explanation for the discrepancy could be that their probe cross-reacted with ₂-1, since it has an expression pattern very similar to what they reported for ₂-2 (40). Furthermore, it is unlikely that ₂-2 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, because ₂ proteins were purified from that tissue, and only the sequence of ₂-1 was detected (13).

The tissue distribution of mRNA for the three ₂ subunits is very different (7, 40). All three genes are expressed in brain, which is the only tissue that expresses ₂-3. The ₂-1 gene is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, where we find little or no expression of ₂-2. Both ₂-1 and -2 are expressed in heart. The ₂-2 gene is highly expressed in lung where the expression of ₂-1 is low. It will be important to determine what cells in the lung express ₂-2; however, we have shown that several lung cancers representing different lung epithelial types can express ₂-2, so that presumably some normal lung epithelial cells also express ₂-2. In this regard, it is also interesting to note that 1C was cloned from lung cDNA libraries (19), and L-type currents have been characterized from tracheal smooth muscle (41). The only  subunit detected in lung mRNA is ₂ (3). Therefore, the minimum subunit composition of lung L-type channels can be deduced as 1C₂-2₂.

The possible role of ₂-2 as a Ca²⁺ channel subunit was examined using the Xenopus oocyte expression system. We tested for an effect on currents using three 1 subunits. The 1 subunits were chosen to represent each of the three subfamilies of Ca²⁺ channels: Ca_v1.2 or 1C, Ca_v2.2 or 1B, and a low voltage-activated channel Ca_v3.1 or 1G. In each case, ₂-2 was able to stimulate functional expression. No effect was observed on the biophysical properties of the current, suggesting that ₂-2 simply increased the number of functional channels at the plasma membrane. Similar results were obtained with ₂-1 on the expression of 1G in both COS cells and Xenopus oocytes (4).

Coexpression studies of ₂-2 plus 1B also included the ₃ subunit. In these experiments we observed the largest stimulatory effect on expression. Some studies report a synergistic action of ₂ and  on 1B expression (17). The experiments with 1C did not include a  subunit because they stimulate current so much already that it has been difficult to see any effect of ₂ at the whole cell level (18).

Interest in the physiological roles of Ca²⁺ channels has increased due to findings that mutations in their genes can lead to human diseases (42). In addition, defects in the auxiliary subunits of Ca²⁺ channels have been described in mouse models of absence epilepsy. These include mouse strains that have lost the expression of ₄ and the recently discovered ₂ subunit (5, 43). In this regard, after we cloned CACNA2D2 we noted with great interest that the syntenic region in the mouse (mouse chromosome 9, 59.0-60.0 centimorgan) contains the mouse mutant ducky and also 4 other flanking genes (CISH, GNAI2, GNAT, and HYAL1) that we have identified in our ~600-kb region (25) and deposited as GenBank^TM numbers AF132297 for CISH and U03056 for HYAL1. Our partial mouse cDNA sequence is 92% identical to the human 2-2 sequence (GenBank^TM number AF169633.1). In fact, preliminary evidence suggests that loss of 2-2 expression leads to the epileptic phenotype, ducky (44). Histological examination of mouse ducky mutants reveals atrophy of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord (45). These mice develop a spike-and-wave phenotype in the electroencephalogram, which is similar to that observed in absence epilepsy patients. Thus, it will be of great interest to see if inherited defects in CACNA2D2 also occur in humans (46). It remains to be determined how these Ca²⁺ channel defects lead to these epileptic phenotypes.

We began these studies searching for a human lung cancer tumor suppressor gene. The specific 600-kb 3p21.3 chromosome region within which the CACNA2D2 gene resides is a site of homozygous deletions occurring in lung and breast cancer and is a frequent target region for allele loss occurring very early in the pathogenesis of lung and other cancers (25, 47-49). Thus, we are also studying CACNA2D2 for mutations, expression alterations, and functional characteristics of a tumor suppressor gene in these cancers. In this regard we were interested to see its high expression in normal lung tissue and in some but not all lung cancer cell lines. A clinical connection between voltage-dependent calcium channels and lung cancer is well established by the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, seen in some small cell lung cancer patients (50). Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a human autoimmune disorder that impairs neuromuscular transmission such that patients with this syndrome have a defect in the Ca²⁺-dependent quantal release of acetylcholine from motor nerve terminals (51). In this syndrome patients develop antibodies (presumably initiated by expression of the channel proteins in their small cell lung cancer) that react with voltage-gated calcium channel polypeptides that block depolarization-induced Ca²⁺ influx, leading to the myasthenia (52-54). In this report we have seen ₂-2 to functionally interact with the T-type channel subunit 1G. Thus, it was of great interest to us when Toyota et al. (55) reported that CACNA1G encoding this subunit could have its expression inactivated by aberrant methylation of its 5' CpG island in human tumors such as colorectal cancers, gastric cancers, and acute myelogenous leukemias. CACNA1G maps to chromosome region 17q21, another site of frequent allele loss in human cancer. Such acquired CpG island methylation in promoter regions of cancer cells as an acquired abnormality silencing genes such as tumor suppressor genes is well described (56, 57). Ca²⁺ influx via voltage-gated calcium channels including T-type channels and intracellular calcium signaling plays a role in apoptosis (58). In addition, platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated calcium influx changed during transformation of mouse C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts accompanied by a marked reduction in expression of T-type calcium channels (59). Thus, the inactivation of voltage-gated calcium channel subunits such as CACNA2D2 and CACNA1G by any of several means merit serious consideration as an important step in cancer pathogenesis.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Meena Viswanathan, Yang Song, and David Burbee for assistance in this research.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NCI) Grants CA71618, P50-CA70907, NS38691, and NO1-CO-56000 and by the Hibino Memorial Medical Fund.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8593. Tel.: 214-648-4900; Fax: 214-648-4940; E-mail: minna@simmons.swmed.edu.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: contig, group of overlapping clones; kb, kilobase(s).

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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