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J Biol Chem, Vol. 275, Issue 19, 14231-14241, May 12, 2000

Cdc42-induced Activation of the Mixed-Lineage Kinase SPRK in Vivo
REQUIREMENT OF THE Cdc42/Rac INTERACTIVE BINDING MOTIF AND CHANGES IN PHOSPHORYLATION^*

Barbara C. Böck^§, Panayiotis O. Vacratsis^¶, Erion Qamirani^¶, and Kathleen A. Gallo^§¶**

From the Departments of ^§ Physiology and ^¶ Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Src homology 3 domain (SH3)-containing proline-rich protein kinase (SPRK)/mixed-lineage kinase (MLK)-3 is a serine/threonine kinase that upon overexpression in mammalian cells activates the c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase pathway. The mechanisms by which SPRK activity is regulated are not well understood. The small Rho family GTPases, Rac and Cdc42, have been shown to bind and modulate the activities of signaling proteins, including SPRK, which contain Cdc42/Rac interactive binding motifs. Coexpression of SPRK and activated Cdc42 increases SPRKs activity. SPRKs Cdc42/Rac interactive binding-like motif contains six of the eight consensus residues. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we show that SPRK contains a functional Cdc42/Rac interactive binding motif that is required for SPRKs association with and activation by Cdc42. However, experiments using a SPRK variant that lacks the COOH-terminal zipper region/basic stretch suggest that this region may also contribute to Cdc42 binding. Unlike the PAK family of protein kinases, we find that the activation of SPRK by Cdc42 cannot be recapitulated in an in vitro system using purified, recombinant proteins. Comparative phosphopeptide mapping demonstrates that coexpression of activated Cdc42 with SPRK alters the in vivo serine/threonine phosphorylation pattern of SPRK suggesting that the mechanism by which Cdc42 increases SPRKs catalytic activity involves a change in the in vivo phosphorylation of SPRK. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstrated example of a Cdc42-mediated change in the in vivo phosphorylation of a protein kinase. These studies suggest an additional component or cellular environment is required for SPRK activation by Cdc42.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The vast majority of mammalian protein kinases catalyze the transfer of the -phosphate of ATP to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues of their target proteins. Phosphorylation is rendered reversible in vivo by the action of protein phosphatases. Since phosphorylation is highly regulated in virtually all physiological processes, it follows that the activities of the protein kinases, themselves, should be highly regulated. Binding of activating or inhibitory molecules, including lipids, cyclic nucleotides, or proteins, can modulate the activity of protein kinases. In addition, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and proteolysis, can regulate protein kinase activity. These regulatory events may alter the specific activity of a protein kinase or may change its stability. Finally, access to physiological substrates may be limited by restricted subcellular localization or translocation of a protein kinase.

Small GTPases regulate certain protein kinases. For instance, by binding and recruiting the serine/threonine kinase Raf to the plasma membrane, GTP-bound, farnesylated Ras contributes to the activation of Raf, and consequently activates the extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK)¹-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (1). Rho family GTPases, which include Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, play crucial roles in diverse cellular processes (2, 3), including cytoskeletal rearrangements (4-6), cell cycle progression (7), cellular transformation (8-14), and nuclear signaling (15-20). They can also function as protein kinase activators. One well characterized target of Cdc42 and Rac is the p21-activated kinase (PAK) (21-23). The interaction between Cdc42 and the serine/threonine kinase PAK requires the CRIB (Cdc42/Rac interactive binding) motif (26), a 14-16-amino acid sequence containing eight consensus amino acids. The structural determinants required for GTPase binding and the mechanism of activation of multiple PAK isoforms have been extensively investigated (21, 24, 25, 32-34). CRIB-dependent interaction of PAK with GTP-bound Rac/Cdc42 induces PAK autophosphorylation and activation both in vitro and in vivo.

Diverse proteins, including the tyrosine kinase, activated Cdc42HS-associated kinase (ACK) (27), and the non-kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) (28, 29), also contain CRIB motifs, suggesting that mechanistically diverse regulatory pathways may share this common structural motif. Likewise, not all protein kinases which interact with Cdc42 and Rac do so through a CRIB motif. For instance, both the 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (30) and MAPK kinase kinase-1 (31), which lack CRIB motifs, have been shown to interact with GTP-bound Cdc42 and Rac. Furthermore, MAPK kinase kinase-4 contains a modified CRIB motif whose deletion only partially diminishes binding to Cdc42 and Rac, indicative of a CRIB-independent GTPase binding determinant (31). Thus the role of CRIB motifs and the mechanisms by which many protein kinases are activated by small GTPases remains largely unexplored.

Src homology 3 domain (SH3)-containing proline-rich protein kinase (SPRK) (35), also called mixed-lineage kinase-3 (MLK-3) (36), or protein-tyrosine kinase-1 (37), is a member of the so-called "mixed-lineage" kinases. SPRK contains a CRIB motif bearing six of the eight consensus amino acids, as well as other domains that may mediate protein-protein interactions including an NH₂-terminal SH3 domain, a leucine/isoleucine zipper motif, and a large COOH-terminal region that is rich in serine, threonine, and proline residues (Fig. 1).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Schematic of SPRK. The numbers in the diagram represent amino acid number. The glycine-rich region (amino acids 1-42) is denoted by Gly. The region containing the zipper motif and the polybasic stretch of amino acids includes amino acids 400-486. The amino acid sequence corresponding to this region is shown below with the basic stretch of amino acids printed in bold letters and the nonaromatic hydrophobic residues predicted to occupy the d position in the zipper motifs underlined. The sequence deleted in SPRKzip (amino acids 430-486) is boxed.

Upon overexpression in mammalian cell lines SPRK activates c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activating protein kinase through phosphorylation and activation of the dual specific kinase, MAPK kinase-4 (MKK-4/SEK1) (38) or MKK-7 (39), and binds the JNK scaffold proteins, JNK interacting protein (JIP)-1 and JIP-2 (39, 43, 44). In some cell types, SPRK has been reported to activate the MAPK p38/reactivating kinase via MKK-3/6 (40) as well as ERK (41). SPRK associates with Rac and Cdc42 in filter binding assays (26) and coexpression of SPRK, activated Cdc42, and JNK increases SPRK and JNK activity (42). Whether activation by Cdc42 of the distantly related PAK and SPRK involves mechanistically analogous processes is unknown. SPRK is functionally homologous to Raf, and thus mechanistic aspects of Cdc42-SPRK and Ras-Raf activation may be shared. Here we show that SPRK contains a functional CRIB motif that is absolutely required for Cdc42 binding to and activation of SPRK. The zipper region and adjacent basic sequences of SPRK may also contribute to Cdc42 binding. Binding of Cdc42 to SPRK does not require SPRK catalytic activity. Interestingly, GTP-bound Cdc42 has no effect on the activity of purified, catalytically active SPRK, suggesting that an additional cellular component is required for kinase activation. These studies point to an important distinction between PAK and SPRK in the mode of GTPase-induced kinase activation. Comparative phosphopeptide mapping revealed that coexpression of activated Cdc42 with SPRK alters the in vivo phosphorylation sites on SPRK. This change in serine/threonine phosphorylation correlates with increased SPRK activity. These studies represent the first case where a Cdc42-mediated change in the in vivo phosphorylation sites of a protein kinase has been documented and provide evidence for the involvement of in vivo phosphorylation of SPRK for Cdc42-induced activation. Thus, the Cdc42-mediated activation of SPRK is clearly distinct from the mechanism previously described for Cdc42-induced activation of PAK.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Construction of Mammalian Expression Vectors and Mutagenesis-- Construction of the cytomegalovirus-based expression vectors carrying the cDNAs for wild type SPRK (pRK5-sprk), and for the kinase-defective variant of SPRK (pRK5-sprk K144A) has been described elsewhere (35). Expression plasmids encoding NH₂-terminal Flag epitope-tagged wild type Cdc42 (pRK5-Nflag.cdc42) and the constitutively active variant (pRK5-Nflag.cdc42^Val-12) of Cdc42 were kindly provided by Avi Ashkenazi (Genentech, Inc.).

Variants of SPRK containing point mutations in the CRIB motif were constructed by a modified recombinant polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method described in detail elsewhere (45). For each mutation two different PCRs were performed, one containing a left mutagenesis primer and a left outside primer, and one containing a right mutagenesis primer and a right outside primer. The left and right outside primers used for all mutations were 5'-GATGAGTCATCTGAATCCAGG-3' and 5'-CTGTGGCCTATGGCGTAGCTG-3', respectively. To obtain the three different CRIB mutants the following left and right mutagenesis primers were used, respectively: SPRK F498A, 5'-GGTGCTTGGCGTCGAGTGGCAT-3' and 5'-ACTCGACGCCAAGCACCGCATC-3'; SPRK H500A, 5'-CTTCAAGGCCCGCATCACCGT-3' and 5'-GGTGATGCGGGCCTTGAAGTCG-3'; SPRK I492A/S493A, 5'-GAAGTCGAGTGGCATGGCGGCACGCTCG-3' and 5'-CGAGCGTGCCGCCATGCCACTCGAC-3'. The presence of the desired mutation was confirmed by DNA sequencing using the Sanger method, and the absence of PCR-introduced errors was verified by automated sequencing.

Deletion of amino acids 430 through 486 of SPRK to yield SPRKzip was accomplished by digestion of the expression vector pRK5-sprk with BssHII, followed by ligation with T4 DNA ligase. DNA modifying enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs or Life Technologies, Inc.

Expression and Purification of Recombinant SPRK-- An NcoI-HindIII fragment, containing the full-length SPRK cDNA, was subcloned from pRK5-sprk into the pFastBac HTb baculovirus expression vector (Life Technologies, Inc.) which contains a hexahistidine tag. Recombinant histidine-tagged SPRK was expressed in Sf21 cells and purified by nickel affinity chromatography according to the manufacturer's protocol. Fractions containing histidine-tagged SPRK, as determined by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie Blue staining, were pooled and concentrated using a Centriprep concentrator (Amicon).

Cell Lines and Transfections-- Human fetal kidney 293 cells were maintained in Ham's F-12/low glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's media (1:1) (Life Technologies, Inc.) supplemented with 8% fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies, Inc.), 2 mM glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies, Inc.). Plasmids (5 µg each for 60-mm dishes; 10 µg each for 100-mm dishes) were used to transfect 293 cells using the calcium phosphate technique (46). Cell monolayers were incubated with the DNA precipitate for 4 h, then washed once with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline), and cultured in the medium described above. After 18 h cells were harvested.

Cell Lysis and Immunoprecipitation-- Cells were washed with ice-cold PBS and lysed for 5 min on ice by the addition of 1 ml of lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, 10 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM Na₄PP_i, 100 µM -glycerophosphate, 1 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 0.15 units/ml aprotinin). The lysate was clarified by centrifugation for 20 min at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendorf centrifuge at 4 °C. Rabbit polyclonal antiserum was raised against a peptide corresponding to the COOH-terminal 8 amino acids of SPRK and was purified by Protein A-Sepharose chromatography. Antibodies against the proteins of interest were prebound to Protein A-agarose beads (SPRK antiserum (0.25 µg/µl slurry), M2 monoclonal antibody (Kodak IBI) directed against the Flag epitope (0.45 µg/µl slurry), and JNK C-17 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) (50 ng/µl slurry)) as described previously (35). Clarified lysate (300 µl) was incubated with 20 µl of antibody-bound Protein A-agarose for 90 min at 4 °C. Immunoprecipitates were washed with HNTG buffer (20 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol). Immunoprecipitates used for kinase assays were washed three times with HNTG buffer containing 1 M LiCl, three times with HNTG buffer, and twice with kinase assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM MnCl₂, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄).

Gel Electrophoresis and Western Blot Analysis-- Lysates and immunoprecipitates of SPRK and Cdc42 were resolved by SDS-PAGE according to Laemmli (47). Proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose and immunoblotted using either SPRK antiserum (1 µg/ml) or M2 Flag monoclonal antibody (9 µg/ml), followed by the appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Life Technologies, Inc.). Western blots were developed by chemiluminescence. Multiple exposures of the Western blots were developed, and densitometry (NIH Image) of unsaturated films was used to determine relative expression levels. Statistics were compiled using an unpaired Student's t test. A p value smaller than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In Vitro Kinase Assays-- Kinase assays were performed in 20 µl of kinase assay buffer containing 50 µM ATP and 5 µCi of [-³²P]ATP (3000 Ci/mmol) (NEN Life Science Products). For the SPRK kinase assay 10 µg of mixed histones (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) was used as the substrate and the reaction was carried out for 30 min at room temperature. Independent experiments showed that the reaction was linear within this time range. The reactions were terminated by the addition of an equal volume of 2 × SDS sample buffer (100 mM Tris (pH 6.8), 4% SDS, 20% glycerol, 0.2% bromphenol blue, 100 mM dithiothreitol, 1% -mercaptoethanol) containing 50 mM EDTA (pH 8.0).

For the kinase assays involving purified kinases, recombinant SPRK or PAK-2 (1 and 2 µg, respectively) was incubated in 50 µl of kinase assay buffer containing 4 µg of GST (glutathione S-transferase)-Cdc42 that had been preloaded with GTPS or GDP and assay was performed as above. GST-Cdc42 (19 µM) was preloaded with GTPS or GDP (4 mM) in buffer containing 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, and 1 mM dithiothreitol. The mixture was incubated for 15 min at 30 °C. The nucleotide loading reaction was quenched by the addition of 10 mM MgCl₂. Purified GST-Cdc42 was obtained from an Escherichia coli overexpression system; and purified PAK-2, obtained using the baculovirus expression system, was kindly provided by Dr. Arie Abo (Onyx Pharmaceuticals) (23).

For the JNK assays, 8 µg of GST-c-Jun was used as the substrate, and the reaction was carried out for 15 min at room temperature. The pGEX-c-Jun (1-115) vector was kindly provided by Dr. Ajay Rana (Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA). GST-c-Jun was expressed in XL-1 Blue E. coli and purified by glutathione-Sepharose chromatography. Following the kinase assay, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Gels were rinsed in PBS, dried, and incorporation of radioactivity into kinase or substrates was determined by PhophorImaging (Molecular Dynamics). To detect JNK expression, proteins were transferred from an SDS-polyacrylamide gel to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and immunoblotted using the JNK C-17 antibody (0.5 µg/ml).

MBP Fusion Protein Plasmid Construction-- The predicted leucine zipper coiled coil domain of the SPRK cDNA encoding amino acids 386-477 was generated by PCR amplification of the pRK5-sprk plasmid using the following oligonucleotides: 5'-TCAGAATTCGGATCCGAAATGCCGCGGGACTCCTTC-3' and 5'-ATTGAAGCTTCATGTCCCGCGGCGGCGGCG-3'. The leucine zipper fragment was cloned into the pMAL-c2 vector (New England Biolabs) at the EcoRI and HindIII sites, in-frame with the malE gene, which encodes the monomeric maltose-binding protein (MBP). An MBP control construct was generated using the following linker oligonucleotides encoding a stop codon: 5'-AATTCGGATCCTAATAGCGA-3' and 5'-AGCTTCGCTATTAG GATCCG-3'. The first of these oligonucleotides was phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase. The two oligonucleotides were annealed and ligated into the pMAL-c2 vector which had been digested with EcoRI and HindIII. Both constructs were confirmed by dideoxy sequencing using Sequenase enzyme (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).

Expression and Purification of MBP Fusion Proteins-- DH5 derivatives of E. coli containing the recombinant plasmids were grown at 37 °C in LB medium supplemented with ampicillin (50 µg/ml) and 2% glucose. Protein expression was induced by the addition of 0.3 mM isopropylthiogalactoside for 4 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4000 × g for 20 min. Cells were lysed by two passes through a French pressure cell. MBP proteins were purified by amylose affinity chromatography according to the manufacturer's protocol. Fractions containing the MBP-zips or MBP, as determined by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie Blue staining, were pooled and concentrated to about 1 mg/ml using a Centriprep concentrator (Amicon).

MBP Pull-down Assay-- One day following transfection of 293 cells with cDNAs encoding SPRK and SPRKzip, the cells were lysed in 1 ml of lysis buffer as described above. Amylose resin (30 µl) was incubated with 10 µg of purified MBP or MBP-zips for 60 min at 4 °C, and then washed twice with column buffer (20 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA). Cellular lysate from transfected 293 cells (200 µl) was added to the amylose resin and incubated at 4 °C with mixing for 90 min. After removal of the lysate, the resin was washed twice with HNTG buffer. The binding of SPRK or SPRKzip to MBP or MBP-zips was analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting using the SPRK antiserum. Coomassie Blue staining verified equal amounts of MBP-containing proteins in the assays.

Phosphopeptide Mapping-- After a 24-h transfection with pRK5-sprk in the presence or absence of pRK5-Nflag.cdc42^Val-12, 293 cells were washed five times with phosphate-free medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum (Summit Biotechnology)), and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. The cells were then incubated in phosphate-free medium containing 3 mCi/ml [³²P]orthophosphate (carrier free; NEN Life Science Products) for 4 h at 37 °C.

Cells were washed five times with ice-cold PBS and then lysed in 1 ml of lysis buffer. Lysates were clarified by centrifugation for 15 min at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendorf centrifuge at 4 °C. SPRK was immunoprecipitated with SPRK antiserum as described above. Immunoprecipitated proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Radiolabeled bands that comigrated with SPRK, as judged by Western blotting, were excised from the polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. After washing three times with methanol and three times with water, the radioactive piece of membrane was blocked with 1 ml of 0.5% polyvinylpyrrolidine-360 (Sigma) containing 100 mM acetic acid for 30 min at 37 °C, and then washed five times with water. Tryptic digestion was performed with 10 µg of sequencing grade trypsin (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) for 2 h in 200 µl of 50 mM NH₄HCO₃ (pH 8.3) at 37 °C. An additional 10 µg of trypsin was added and the digestion mixture was incubated for an additional 2 h at 37 °C. The membrane was then sonicated for 3 min in 300 µl of water to remove additional tryptic peptides. The solution containing the released tryptic peptides was concentrated in a SpeedVac (Savant Instruments).

The peptides were separated on cellulose thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates (Kodak, 20 × 20 cm) by thin layer electrophoresis (TLE) in the first dimension in pH 1.9 buffer (formic acid (88% w/v)/glacial acetic acid/water, 25:78:897, v/v) at 0 °C and 1000 V for 30 min, and separated in the second dimension by TLC in phosphochromatography buffer (n-butanol/pyridine/glacial acetic acid/water, 15:10:3:12, v/v). The radiolabeled phosphopeptides were visualized and quantitated using a PhosphorImager.

Phosphoamino Acid Analysis-- The tryptic peptides were hydrolyzed in 200 µl of 6 M HCl for 1 h at 100 °C. The phosphoamino acids were concentrated in a SpeedVac. Unlabeled phosphoamino acid standards (Sigma) and xylene cyanol FF marker dye (Sigma) were added to each sample. The phosphoamino acids were separated by one-dimensional TLE in pH 2.5 buffer (66.7% pH 3.5 buffer (glacial acetic acid/pyridine/water, 50:5:945, v/v) and 33.3% pH 1.9 buffer on cellulose TLC plates at 0 °C and 500 V for 1.5 h. Unlabeled phosphoamino acid standards were visualized by ninhydrin staining and the ³²P-labeled phosphoamino acids derived from the SPRK peptides were visualized by PhosphorImaging.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Association of Activated Cdc42 with SPRK Does Not Require SPRK Kinase Activity-- Recently Hall and co-workers have shown that several proteins, including SPRK, associate with GTP-bound Cdc42 and Rac in filter binding assays (26). All of these proteins contain a 14-16-amino acid sequence that includes eight consensus residues, which has been coined the CRIB motif. The CRIB motif of SPRK contains six of the eight consensus amino acids (Fig. 2). In this study we examined the structural requirements and mechanism of Cdc42 binding and activation of SPRK.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Alignment of CRIB motifs and SPRK CRIB variants. A, the consensus sequence for the CRIB motif as defined by Burbelo et al. (27) is shown aligned with the CRIB motif of MLK-2, WASP, ACK, and SPRK. Amino acid numbers are indicated to the left and right of each sequence. Amino acids occupying the consensus residue are indicated in bold, with those that differ from the consensus italicized. Absent amino acids are indicated by periods. The mutations in the engineered CRIB variants of SPRK are shown with the conserved residue to alanine changes indicated by bold letters.

SPRK and Flag epitope-tagged Cdc42 expression vectors were transiently transfected in 293 cells. To mimic the GTP-bound state of Cdc42 we used a constitutively active mutant of the GTPase, i.e. Cdc42^Val-12. Cellular lysates from 293 cells were immunoprecipitated with the Flag antibody and the presence of associated SPRK was assessed by Western blot analysis with a SPRK antibody. In these co-immunoprecipitation experiments (Fig. 3A), the constitutively active form of Cdc42, but not wild type Cdc42, associates with SPRK (first panel). We have not observed association of SPRK with the dominant negative variant Cdc42^Asn-17, but, in our hands, expression of this Cdc42 variant has been low. Expression levels of SPRK and Cdc42 in cellular lysates were determined by Western blot analysis (Fig. 3A, lower panels). These data indicate that SPRK preferentially associates with the GTP-bound form of Cdc42.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Expression, coimmunoprecipitation, and SPRK in vitro kinase activity from cellular lysates expressing variants of SPRK and Cdc42. Cells were transfected with expression vectors containing the cDNAs indicated above each figure. A minus sign indicates that a control empty vector was transfected. Transient transfections of 293 cells, SDS-PAGE, co-immunoprecipitation experiments, immunoblotting, and in vitro kinase assays were performed as described under "Experimental Procedures." A, coimmunoprecipitation experiments of SPRK with wild type Cdc42 and the constitutively active variant Cdc42Val-12. Cdc42 or Cdc42Val-12 was immunoprecipitated (IP) from cellular lysates using an antibody directed against the Flag epitope which is appended to the NH2 termini of the expressed Cdc42 and Cdc42 variant. The presence of bound SPRK was determined by immunoblotting with a SPRK antibody (upper panel). The middle and lower panels show immunoblots of SPRK and Cdc42, respectively, from cellular lysates. B, coimmunoprecipitation experiments of SPRK and SPRK K144A with Cdc42Val-12. Cdc42Val-12 was immunoprecipitated and the presence of bound SPRK or SPRK K144A was determined by immunoblotting as described above. The middle and lower panels show immunoblots of SPRK and Cdc42 from cellular lysates, respectively. C, in vitro kinase assay of SPRK and SPRK variants. SPRK was immunoprecipitated and subjected to an in vitro kinase assay using histones as a substrate. To eliminate contaminating (non-SPRK) kinase activity in the immune complex in vitro kinase assay, SPRK immunoprecipitates were stringently washed. The top panel shows an autoradiogram with bands corresponding to SPRK autophosphorylation and histone phosphorylation indicated by arrows. The middle and lower panels show immunoblots of SPRK and Cdc42Val-12 from cellular lysates, respectively. The kinase assay shown in C is representative of five independent experiments.

SPRK can autophosphorylate in vitro (35). Although SPRKs postulated site of interaction with Cdc42 is not within the catalytic domain, it is plausible that either SPRK autophosphorylation or SPRK phosphorylation of another interacting molecule might modulate the Cdc42-SPRK interaction. To examine whether SPRKs catalytic activity effects its ability to bind to Cdc42, the kinase-defective SPRK variant (SPRK K144A) was tested for its ability to associate with Cdc42^Val-12. The SPRK K144A variant shows no autophosphorylation in an in vitro kinase assay (35).

Co-transfection and co-immunoprecipitation experiments with active and inactive SPRK, and Cdc42^Val-12, demonstrate that constitutively active Cdc42 associates equally well with wild type SPRK and the kinase-defective variant SPRK K144A (Fig. 3B, upper panel). This indicates that SPRKs catalytic activity is not required for its association with Cdc42. The retarded mobility of wild type SPRK, as compared with that of inactive SPRK, suggests a more highly phosphorylated form of SPRK that is likely due, at least in part, to autophosphorylation (Fig. 3B, upper and middle panels).

To determine whether association with Cdc42 effects SPRKs catalytic activity, an in vitro kinase assay for SPRK was developed. While its kinase domain shares overall sequence similarity with both serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases, SPRK shows high amino acid sequence identity with the serine/threonine kinase B-Raf in a small region of subdomain VIb and VIII that is important for substrate specificity and catalytic activity (48). In addition, both Raf and SPRK appear to function as MKKKs leading primarily to the activation of ERK and JNK, respectively. Since histones are commonly employed as exogenous substrates for Raf in in vitro kinase assays (49, 50), a mixture of histones was tested as an exogenous substrate for SPRK. SPRK, immunoprecipitated from cellular lysates of transiently transfected 293 cells, exhibits basal autophosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of the histones H3 and H4 (Fig. 3B). In contrast, the kinase-defective SPRK shows no autophosphorylation or histone phosphorylation, indicating that the phosphorylation events observed in these assays are attributable to SPRK, rather than to contaminating kinases.

The expression of Cdc42^Val-12 in transiently transfected 293 cells increases the autophosphorylation activity as well as the substrate phosphorylation activity of SPRK about 3-5-fold (Fig. 3C). No background phosphorylation is observed with the kinase-defective SPRK variant in the presence or absence of Cdc42^Val-12. Interestingly, under these in vitro kinase assay conditions, we do not detect Cdc42 associated with SPRK by Western blotting (data not shown).

SPRKs CRIB Motif Is Necessary for Association with Cdc42 and for Cdc42-induced Activation of SPRK-- To test whether SPRKs potential CRIB motif actually functions in the binding of Cdc42 we took a site-directed mutagenesis approach. Three different SPRK variants were generated by mutating conserved amino acids in the CRIB motif to alanine residues: SPRK F498A, SPRK H500A, and SPRK I492A/S493A (Fig. 2). While we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility that introduction of these mutations might alter SPRKs conformation, the expression levels of the SPRK CRIB mutants in transient transfections of 293 cells are at least as high as that of wild type SPRK (Fig. 4A), suggesting that these variants are stable. The CRIB variants were coexpressed with Cdc42^Val-12 in 293 cells and the cellular lysates were subjected to co-immunoprecipitation experiments. While wild type SPRK associates with Cdc42^Val-12, none of the SPRK CRIB mutants detectably associates with the activated GTPase (Fig. 4A).

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Effects of mutations in the CRIB motif on Cdc42Val-12 binding and activation of SPRK. A, coimmunoprecipitation experiments of SPRK and SPRK CRIB variants with Cdc42Val-12. The presence of the bound SPRK or SPRK CRIB variant was assessed by immunoblotting with a SPRK antibody as described previously. The middle and lower panels show immunoblots of SPRK and Cdc42Val-12 from cellular lysates, respectively. B, in vitro kinase assays of SPRK and SPRK I492A/S493A. SPRK autophosphorylation was quantified by PhosphorImaging and normalized to relative SPRK expression levels as described under "Experimental Procedures." The mean ± S.E. of three independent experiments are shown. C, in vitro kinase assays of SPRK and SPRK I492A/S493A. Histone phosphorylation was quantified and normalized to relative SPRK expression levels as described above. The mean ± S.E. of three independent experiments are shown.

If Cdc42-induced activation of SPRK is mediated through its interaction with SPRKs CRIB motif, one would expect that the SPRK CRIB mutants should exhibit a defect in Cdc42-induced activation. Accordingly, cells were transiently transfected with cDNAs encoding wild type SPRK or SPRK I492A/S493A, in the presence or absence of Cdc42^Val-12. The activity of the immunoprecipitated SPRK or SPRK CRIB mutant was measured in an in vitro kinase assay. In the absence of Cdc42^Val-12, both wild type SPRK and the SPRK CRIB variant show similar levels of autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation (Fig. 4, B and C). In the absence of Cdc42^Val-12, the differences in the activities of SPRK and the SPRK CRIB variants were not statistically significant. This further supports the idea that the mutations in the CRIB motif do not grossly perturb SPRKs structure or inherent catalytic activity. However, both autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation of the CRIB variant is markedly lower (3-fold) than that of wild type SPRK, when each is coexpressed with the activated GTPase (Fig. 4, B and C). The small increase in the catalytic activity of the SPRK CRIB mutant when activated Cdc42 is coexpressed may be due to Cdc42-activated endogenous SPRK. Alternatively there may be residual binding of the CRIB variant to activated Cdc42 in vivo, which we do not detect in our in vitro co-immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together these results demonstrate that SPRK does contain a functional CRIB motif, and that Cdc42-induced activation of SPRK is mediated via association with this CRIB motif.

Effects of Deleting the COOH-terminal Portion of SPRKs Zipper Domain-- In WASP (51), PAK (32, 52), and ACK (27) the CRIB motif is necessary but not sufficient for GTPase binding. Outside of the CRIB motif SPRK shares no sequence similarity with the minimal GTPase-binding domains that have been defined for these proteins. Instead, SPRK contains two closely spaced leucine/isoleucine zipper motifs spanning amino acids 400-462, COOH-terminal to the CRIB motif (Fig. 1). Considering the close vicinity in linear sequence of the zippers and the CRIB motif we asked whether the zipper motif might contribute to the binding of SPRK to Cdc42^Val-12. Accordingly, a variant of SPRK, SPRKzip, which lacks amino acids 430-486, as shown in Fig. 1, was constructed. This deletion removes the second half of the zipper region as well as 22 COOH-terminal amino acids which includes a short basic region, but leaves the entire CRIB motif intact.

SPRKzip is expressed in transiently transfected 293 cells at levels comparable to that of wild type SPRK (Fig. 5A). The ability of Cdc42^Val-12 to associate with SPRKzip was tested in co-immunoprecipitation experiments with cellular lysates harvested from transiently transfected 293 cells. The deletion of the second zipper/basic stretch greatly diminishes the ability of SPRK to bind to Cdc42^Val-12, despite the presence of the complete CRIB motif (Fig. 5A). Based on these and our previous results, both the CRIB motif and the second half of the zipper region and a stretch of basic amino acids may contribute to Cdc42 binding. Alternatively, the COOH-terminal zipper/basic stretch may not directly interact with Cdc42, but may be required for the proper presentation and binding of the CRIB motif to the GTPase.

View larger version (39K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Effects of partial deletion of the zipper/basic stretch of SPRK on Cdc42Val-12 binding and activation of SPRK. A, coimmunoprecipitation experiments of SPRK and SPRKzip with Cdc42Val-12. The presence of bound SPRK or SPRKzip was assessed by immunoblotting with a SPRK antibody as described previously. The middle and lower panels show immunoblots of SPRK variants and Cdc42Val-12 from cellular lysates, respectively. B, in vitro kinase assays of SPRK and SPRKzip using histones as a substrate. The top panel shows an autoradiogram with bands corresponding to phosphorylated histones indicated by arrows. The middle and lower panels show immunoblots of SPRK and Cdc42Val-12 from cellular lysates, respectively. C, quantitation of in vitro kinase assays of SPRK and SPRKzip. SPRK autophosphorylation was quantified by PhosphorImaging and normalized to SPRK expression levels as described under "Experimental Procedures." The mean ± S.E. of three independent experiments are shown. D, quantitation of in vitro kinase assays of SPRK and SPRKzip. Histone phosphorylation was quantified by PhosphorImaging and normalized to SPRK expression levels as described under "Experimental Procedures." The mean ± S.E. of three independent experiments are shown.

SPRKzip has approximately 70% of the basal autophosphorylation activity of wild type SPRK (Fig. 5, B and C). However, in contrast to wild type SPRK, there is no Cdc42-induced increase in autophosphorylation of SPRKzip, consistent with the finding that SPRKzip binds Cdc42^Val-12 only very weakly. In an in vitro kinase assay, SPRKzip expressed with or without Cdc42^Val-12 (Fig. 5, B and D) lacks the ability to phosphorylate histones. To address whether the lack of histone phosphorylation might be due to some unique feature of histones we performed the same experiment with myelin basic protein as a substrate and obtained the analogous results (data not shown). These data suggest that the zipper domain/basic stretch may be fundamentally required for substrate phosphorylation.

SPRKzip Fails to Activate JNK-- SPRK has been identified as an upstream activator of the JNK/stress-activating protein kinase pathway (38, 40, 42). JNK activity was measured after immunoprecipitation of endogenous JNK from cellular lysates of transiently transfected 293 cells in an immune complex in vitro kinase assay using GST-c-Jun as the substrate. Overexpression of SPRK in 293 cells leads to a 5-fold increase in JNK activity over the basal activity in vector control-transfected cells (Fig. 6, A and B). Transient expression of Cdc42^Val-12 increases JNK activity some 2-3-fold. Although coexpression of SPRK and Cdc42^Val-12 increases SPRK catalytic activity, as measured in an in vitro kinase assay, the observed SPRK-induced JNK activation with coexpressed Cdc42^Val-12 over that of SPRK alone does not reach statistical significance. A likely explanation for this finding is that the activity of overexpressed SPRK alone is sufficient to maximally activate the endogenous JNK in 293 cells. SPRKzip is unable to phosphorylate an exogenous substrate in an in vitro kinase assay, and, indeed, we have found that it completely lacks the ability to activate the JNK pathway (Fig. 6, A and B). Thus, it appears that the zipper motif is critical for substrate phosphorylation by SPRK both in vitro and in vivo.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   Effect of SPRKzip on JNK activity. A, endogenous JNK-1 was immunoprecipitated from cellular lysates that had been transiently transfected with cDNAs encoding the specified SPRK and/or Cdc42 variants. An in vitro immune complex assay for JNK activity was performed using GST-c-Jun as a substrate. The uppermost panel shows an autoradiogram with bands corresponding to GST-c-Jun indicated by an arrow. The second panel shows a JNK immunoblot of the same immunoprecipitated samples from the in vitro kinase assay. The third panel shows a SPRK immunoblot of cellular lysates. The lowest panel shows an immunoblot for Cdc42 from cellular lysates. B, quantitation of in vitro kinase assays of JNK. GST-c-Jun phosphorylation was measured by PhosphorImaging and normalized to SPRK expression levels as described under "Experimental Procedures." The mean ± S.E. for fold-increase in GST-c-Jun phosphorylation in three independent experiments are graphed.

The Leucine Zipper Domain Is Sufficient for SPRK Oligomerization-- Despite its substantial autophosphorylation activity, SPRKzip fails to activate JNK. To characterize the oligomerization properties of SPRKzip, we engineered a cDNA construct encoding amino acids 386-477 of SPRK fused to the coding sequence of the monomeric MBP of E. coli, designated MBP-zips, and tested purified MBP and MBP-zips for their ability to associate with full-length SPRK and SPRKzip. As shown in Fig. 7A, full-length SPRK binds MBP-zips but not MBP, as judged by immunoblotting. Furthermore, SPRKzip fails to bind either MBP-zips or MBP. Equal amounts of MBP or MBP-zips in the assays were verified by Coomassie Blue staining of a duplicate gel (Fig. 7B). Western blotting of cellular lysates using a SPRK antibody shown in Fig. 7C, reveals that full-length SPRK and SPRKzip were expressed at similar levels. These data provide direct evidence that the leucine zipper/basic stretch of SPRK is capable of protein-protein interactions and is sufficient to mediate SPRK homo-oligomerization.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7.   Assay for association of the zipper/basic stretch of SPRK with SPRK and SPRKzip in vitro. Lysates from 293 cells expressing SPRK or SPRKzip were incubated with amylose resin to which purified MBP or MBP-zips had been prebound. A, after washing of the resin, the presence of bound SPRK or SPRKzip was assessed by immunoblotting with the SPRK antibody. B, equal loading of MBP and MBP-zips on the amylose resin was confirmed by Coomassie staining. C, expression of SPRK and SPRKzip was assessed by immunoblotting of cellular lysates with a SPRK antibody.

Activated Cdc42 Fails to Activate SPRK in Vitro-- The small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 can stimulate the autophosphorylation activity of the CRIB-containing serine/threonine kinase PAK-2 in vitro (23). To determine whether Cdc42-induced activation of SPRK can be recapitulated in a completely in vitro system, hexahistidine NH₂-terminal tagged SPRK was expressed using the baculovirus system, and purified by metal-chelate chromatography. GST-Cdc42 was expressed in and purified from E. coli. The purified SPRK is catalytically active as judged by its basal autophosphorylation activity. GTPS- or GDP-loaded GST-Cdc42 was incubated with purified SPRK or PAK-2 in an in vitro kinase assay (Fig. 8B). While GTPS-loaded Cdc42 activates purified PAK-2, it fails to activate purified SPRK. Likewise, SPRK immunoprecipitated from transfected 293 cells cannot be activated in vitro by the addition of GTPS-loaded Cdc42 (Fig. 8A). These data support the requirement of a cellular context or coactivator for SPRK activation by Cdc42.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8.   In vitro kinase assays using purified Cdc42. A, SPRK was immunoprecipitated from cellular lysates that had been transiently transfected with cDNA encoding SPRK and was incubated in an in vitro kinase assay in the presence of 4 µg of GST-Cdc42 preloaded with either GTPS or GDP. The top panel shows an autoradiogram with bands corresponding to SPRK autophosphorylation indicated by arrows. The lower panel show an immunoblot of SPRK from cellular lysates. B, purified SPRK and PAK-2 (1 and 2 µg, respectively) were incubated in an in vitro kinase assay in the presence of 4 µg of GST-Cdc42 preloaded with either GTPS or GDP. Shown is an autoradiogram with bands corresponding to SPRK autophosphorylation and PAK-2 autophosphorylation indicated by arrows.

Cdc42 Alters the in Vivo Phosphorylation Pattern of SPRK-- As described above, co-immunoprecipitation experiments and in vitro kinase assays show that Cdc42^Val-12 when coexpressed with SPRK can associate with SPRK and modulate its catalytic activity. However, purified, activated Cdc42 cannot stimulate the autophosphorylation of SPRK in vitro. In order to determine if the presence of activated Cdc42 alters SPRK phosphorylation in vivo, two-dimensional phosphopeptide analysis of SPRK labeled in vivo, in the absence and presence of Cdc42^Val-12, was performed.

The net incorporation of radiolabel into SPRK increased approximately 3-fold when SPRK was coexpressed with Cdc42^Val-12. Two-dimensional TLE/TLC revealed that while the basic pattern of phosphopeptides from the two samples is similar (Fig. 9A), there are notable differences. The major changes are observed in the triangular cluster of phosphopeptides b, c, and d. Phosphopeptide a predominates in both samples. Phosphopeptides b and c are detected in the triangular cluster of the SPRK map, but are low in abundance relative to peptide a. In the corresponding map of SPRK that had been expressed in the presence of Cdc42^Val-12, however, phosphopeptide b is not detected. Instead, phosphopeptide c is the prominent phosphopeptide in the triangular cluster, with 70% of the radioactivity of phosphopeptide a (Fig. 9B). Furthermore, phosphopeptide d, nearly undetectable in the map of SPRK, appears at high levels in the map of SPRK expressed with Cdc42^Val-12. For comparison, the level of another peptide (x) relative to peptide a is essentially constant in both maps. The labeling and mapping from three independent experiments yielded the same results. These data indicate that the presence of activated Cdc42 changes the in vivo phosphorylation state of SPRK, which correlates with an increase in SPRK catalytic activity. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the pooled tryptic phosphopeptides (Fig. 9C) reveals predominantly serine phosphorylation, some threonine phosphorylation, and no tyrosine phosphorylation. The ratios of phosphoserine to phosphothreonine in the two samples are not substantially different.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9.   Phosphopeptide mapping and phosphoamino acid analysis of tryptic peptides derived from in vivo phosphorylated SPRK. See "Experimental Procedures" for detail. A, two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of 32P-labeled SPRK from 293 cells transfected with expression vectors for SPRK (top) or for SPRK and Cdc42Val-12 (bottom). SPRK was immunopurified from cellular lysates, blotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and subjected to partial trypsin digestion. Equal amounts of radioactivity, as determined by Cerenkov counting of the resultant tryptic peptides, were analyzed by TLE in the first dimension and TLC in the second dimension. The direction of the electrophoresis and chromatography are indicated by long arrows. Phosphopeptides were visualized by PhosphorImaging. The phosphopeptides of interest are alphabetically labeled. Shown is a representative map from three independent experiments. B, the percent radioactivity of the indicated phosphopeptides compared with phosphopeptide a. Calculated as: [(volume  background)phosphopeptide]/[(volume  background)phosphopeptide a] × 100, using Image Quant software (Molecular Dynamics). C, phosphoamino acid analysis of in vivo 32P-labeled SPRK. Phosphoamino acids derived from the SPRK tryptic peptides in A were separated by TLE and visualized by PhosphorImaging. The third lane (Stds) shows the positions of phosphoamino acid standards. The position of free inorganic phosphate (Pi) is also indicated.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Small GTPases of the Ras superfamily have been shown to regulate protein kinases. PAK has emerged as the paradigm CRIB-containing serine/threonine kinase that is activated by GTP-bound Cdc42 and/or Rac. The PAKs play roles in diverse processes, including apoptosis, modulation of actin cytoskeleton, gene transcription, and cell cycle (53). SPRK is a member of the so-called mixed-lineage kinases. Except for the presence of a loosely conserved CRIB motif, SPRK differs dramatically from the PAKs, both structurally and functionally. While the mammalian PAK-1, -2, and -3 share 95% sequence similarity in their catalytic domains, SPRKs catalytic domain is just 20% similar to those of the mammalian PAKs. The CRIB motif of the PAKs is found NH₂-terminal to the catalytic domain, whereas SPRKs CRIB motif is COOH-terminal to the catalytic domain. Flanking SPRKs catalytic domain is an NH₂-terminal SH3 domain and a COOH-terminal leucine zipper motif, both lacking in the PAKs. The only well established function thus far ascribed to SPRK is as an MKKK in the activation of the JNK pathway. Because the MLKs are so different from the PAKS, it is important to determine whether the structural features of their binding to and the mechanisms of activation by Cdc42 and/or Rac also differ from that of the PAKs.

Whereas the three mammalian PAK isoforms contain perfect consensus CRIB motifs, as defined by Burbelo et al. (26), SPRKs CRIB motif contains only six of the eight consensus residues (Fig. 2). We show that mutations in conserved residues of SPRKs CRIB motif disrupt the ability of the Cdc42 to bind to and activate SPRK, indicating that SPRK does indeed contain a functional CRIB motif. WASP and ACK, two other proteins whose CRIB-dependent binding to Cdc42 has been well established, also contain less than perfect CRIB motifs (Fig. 2), with WASP (28, 29), and ACK (27) containing 7 of the 8 consensus residues, and 6 of the 8 consensus residues, respectively. It may well be that the CRIB consensus motif is biased toward PAK, due to the large number of PAK isoforms that have been identified.

SPRK and the closely related MLK-2 lack the second of the two conserved histidine residues of the consensus CRIB motif (Fig. 2). We show here that mutation of the first conserved histidine in SPRK to an alanine residue (H500A) disrupts binding to Cdc42. The fact that both SPRK (26) and MLK-2 (26, 54) have been demonstrated to bind Cdc42 may indicate that the second of the two conserved histidines in the consensus CRIB motif in other CRIB-containing proteins is not required for binding to Cdc42. Further support for this notion is provided by the finding that the conserved Asp³⁸ in Cdc42 interacts primarily with the first of the two conserved histidine residues (His⁵²⁰) in ACK (55). In addition, mutation of the first of the two conserved histidine residues in N-WASP to aspartate (H208D) decreases the in vitro binding affinity for Cdc42 and Rac, as well as the activity of N-WASP in vivo and in vitro (56). The regions outside of the CRIB motifs of ACK and WASP exhibit low sequence similarity, and, perhaps not surprisingly, low structural similarity when bound to Cdc42 (55, 57). It is likely that the GTPase-binding domain of SPRK, with the exception of the CRIB motif, will differ structurally from those of both WASP and ACK.

Because of the proximity of SPRKs zipper and CRIB motifs in linear sequence, and because sequences flanking the CRIB motif in other proteins contribute to Cdc42/Rac binding, we tested whether deletion of the COOH-terminal half of the zipper motif effects Cdc42 binding. The binding of SPRKzip (Fig. 1), which contains an intact CRIB motif, to activated Cdc42 is reduced more than 10-fold, suggesting that, in addition to SPRKs CRIB motif, the zipper domain or the following short basic region of SPRK may contribute to Cdc42 binding. Interestingly, the basal autophosphorylation activity of SPRKzip is about 70% that of wild type SPRK. This may indicate some intramolecular autophosphorylation activity. Alternatively, SPRKzip may homo-oligomerize and undergo intermolecular autophosphorylation. Leung and Lassam (58) recently reported a very large reduction in GST-SPRK/MLK-3 autophosphorylation activity in vitro upon deleting the entire zipper region, but leaving the basic stretch intact.

Recent site-directed mutagenesis studies indicate that the serine/threonine kinase PAK contains a basic stretch consisting of three contiguous lysine residues upstream of the CRIB motif, whose charge is important for binding to Rac1 and Rac2, and whose presence is required for efficient PAK-1 activation by Rac1, Rac2, and Cdc42 (33). SPRK contains four contiguous arginine residues between the zipper domain and the CRIB motif. These basic amino acids are deleted in the SPRKzip variant, which exhibits greatly reduced binding to activated Cdc42. Thus, it is plausible that the arginine tract in SPRK may contribute to Cdc42 binding or activation of SPRK. Currently we are defining a minimal Cdc42-binding domain of SPRK and are assessing the relative contributions of various amino acids within this domain to Cdc42 binding and Cdc42-induced SPRK activation.

We show that SPRK and activated Cdc42 can be co-immunoprecipitated from cellular lysates. However, under the conditions of our in vitro kinase assay, which clearly show a Cdc42-induced increase in SPRK autophosphorylation and histone phosphorylation, Cdc42 is not detected. Possibly once SPRK is activated by Cdc42, SPRK has a reduced affinity for the GTPase as has been demonstrated with PAK-2 (21). Furthermore, the sites of in vitro autophosphorylation of SPRK expressed with and without Cdc42, and isolated from mammalian cells, are essentially identical as judged by mapping of tryptic phosphopeptides (data not shown). The mechanism by which the highly conserved PAK family members (PAK-1, -2, and -3) are activated by Rac and Cdc42 has been well studied. Increased autophosphorylation activity is observed upon incubation of purified activated Cdc42 with purified PAK. In contrast to PAK, purified, catalytically active SPRK cannot be further activated in vitro by the addition of GTP-bound Cdc42. These data are consistent with a catalytic model in which Cdc42 activates SPRK in vivo, but is not required to maintain SPRK in its activated state. We therefore decided to assess whether Cdc42 induces differential phosphorylation of SPRK in vivo.

Phosphoamino acid analysis of in vivo labeled SPRK revealed serine and threonine, but no tyrosine, phosphorylation. Two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping studies of in vivo labeled SPRK, expressed with or without constitutively active Cdc42, showed similar phosphopeptide maps, with major differences observed in a triangular cluster of phosphopeptides b, c, and d (Fig. 9A). In the map of SPRK alone, phosphopeptides b and c are present, but at low levels. When activated Cdc42 is coexpressed with SPRK, phosphopeptide b is not detected and phosphopeptides c and d appear at high levels. Since the change in in vivo phosphorylation of SPRK with Cdc42 correlates with increased SPRK activity, it is likely that phosphopeptides c and d contain activating phosphorylation sites. Phosphopeptides c and d may be distinct phosphopeptides. However, since their chromatographic mobilities are essentially identical, it is also possible that phosphopeptides c and d result from differential trypsin digestion. Phosphopeptides b and c lie on a diagonal which slopes toward the anode, characteristic of peptides that are phosphoisomers. Upon phosphorylation, the negative charge and polar nature of the added phosphate group reduces a peptides mobility in both the electrophoretic and chromatographic dimensions (59). Therefore, phosphopeptide c may differ from phosphopeptide b by the addition of a phosphate group(s). This is consistent with the observation that when activated Cdc42 is coexpressed with SPRK, phosphopeptide c emerges while phosphopeptide b disappears.

Cdc42 may induce differential SPRK autophosphorylation in vivo or, alternatively, another SPRK-activating kinase may be responsible for the in vivo change in SPRK phosphorylation. Because Cdc42 is geranylgeranylated (60) and has been localized to cellular membranes (61, 62, 63) as well as to cytoskeletal elements (64), it is possible that Cdc42 recruits SPRK to the vicinity of an activating kinase. SPRK and the serine/threonine kinase Raf both appear to function as MKKKs, activating the JNK and ERK pathways, respectively. The idea that Cdc42 may recruit SPRK to an activating kinase is reminiscent of the proposed mechanism by which the small GTPase Ras activates Raf. Analogous to our findings with Cdc42 and SPRK, the addition of purified, activated Ras to Raf in vitro is not sufficient for full activation of Raf. However, appending a membrane targeting motif to the COOH terminus of Raf causes Raf translocation and activation in the absence of activated Ras (1).

It has been recently shown that PAK-3 phosphorylates Raf in vivo and in vitro leading to an increase in Raf activity (65), although it has yet to be determined whether this event requires Raf translocation. In yeast, the PAK homolog STE20 functions as an MKKK in the activation of a yeast MAPK pathway. By analogy, potential SPRK-activating kinases may include PAK-related kinases (53) such as hematopoietic protein kinase-1. In coexpression studies hematopoietic protein kinase-1 binds to SPRKs SH3 domain and phosphorylates SPRK, but the effect on SPRK activity is not reported (66). Interestingly, unlike PAK-1, -2, and -3, hematopoietic protein kinase-1 lacks a CRIB motif. Our finding that catalytically active SPRK cannot be further activated in vitro by GTP-bound Cdc42 suggests that the GTPase activates SPRK differently than the PAKs. Whereas the PAKs can be activated in vitro by interaction with unprenylated GTP-bound Cdc42, the activation of SPRK by Cdc42 appears to require prenylation of Cdc42, the cellular environment, or an as yet unidentified cellular component. Our data supports a model in which the in vivo CRIB-dependent interaction of SPRK and Cdc42 either allows SPRK to adopt a conformation that leads to autophosphorylation or recruits SPRK to the vicinity of a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates and activates SPRK. Determination of the precise sites of Cdc42-induced phosphorylation of SPRK, coupled with subcellular localization studies, should shed further light on the detailed mechanism of SPRK activation by Cdc42.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Hua Zhang for expression and purification of recombinant GST-Cdc42; Arie Abo (Onyx Pharmaceuticals) for providing purified PAK-2; and Avi Ashkenazi (Genentech, Inc.) for mammalian Cdc42 expression vectors. We thank Donald B. Jump and Walter J. Esselman for valuable discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. We appreciate the support and reagents from Paul Godowski (Genentech, Inc.).

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant CA76306.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Contributed equally to the results of this work.

Supported by the National Science Foundation-REU program at Michigan State University.

^** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Depts. of Physiology and Biochemistry, 108 Giltner Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Tel.: 517-355-6475; Fax: 517-355-5125, E-mail: gallo@psl.msu.edu.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PAK, p21-activated kinase; CRIB, Cdc42/Rac-interactive binding; ACK, activated Cdc42HS-associated kinase; WASP, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein; SPRK, SH3 domain-containing proline-rich kinase; SH3, Src-homology 3; MLK, mixed-lineage kinase; JNK, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase; MKK, MAPK kinase; JIP, JNK interacting protein; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; GST, glutathione S-transferase; MBP, maltose-binding protein; GTPS, guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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