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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 24, 17917-17920, June 16, 2000

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ACCELERATED PUBLICATION
Evidence That Collapsin Response Mediator Protein-2 Is Involved in the Dynamics of Microtubules^*

Yongjun Gu and Yasuo Ihara

From the Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Core Research and Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan

Received for publication, March 17, 2000, and in revised form, April 12, 2000

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) is a member of the CRMP/TOAD/Ulip/DRP family of cytosolic phosphoproteins involved in neuronal differentiation and axonal guidance. CRMP-2 mediates the intracellular response to collapsin 1/semaphorin 3A, a repulsive extracellular guidance cue for axonal outgrowth. The mutation of UNC-33, a Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of CRMP-2, results in abnormality of microtubules in neurites, but the mechanism of CRMP-2 action remains to be clarified. Here, we report that overexpression of human CRMP-2 in Neuro2a cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, results in blebbing of the cytoplasm. Furthermore, some cells exhibited intranuclear inclusions, which were labeled with antibodies to CRMP-2 and tubulin. CRMP-2 was found to be associated with microtubule bundles in the spindles at the metaphase and in the midbodies at the late telophase in mitotic cells. Thus, it is most likely that failure of complete disassembly of the spindle microtubules during mitosis is responsible for the formation of these intranuclear inclusions. We suggest that CRMP-2 functions by regulating the dynamics of microtubules.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The development of the nervous system requires the growth of neuritic processes and their guidance toward the appropriate targets with which they must establish accurate synaptic contacts. Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs)¹ are a family of cytosolic phosphoproteins involved in neurite outgrowth and axonal guidance (1). Their expression and phosphorylation are spatially and temporally regulated during development (2-4). Immunocytochemical studies showed that CRMPs are distributed in the lamellipodia and filopodia of the growth cone, the shaft of axons, and the neuronal cell body (2, 3, 5).

CRMP-2 (also referred to as TOAD-64, Turned on after Division, 64 kDa (2); Ulip2, or UNC-33-like phosphoprotein-2 (3); DRP-2, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-2 (6)) is the member most widely expressed within the nervous system. The protein has been reported to mediate semaphorin III/D-induced growth cone collapse through a signal transduction cascade involving G-protein (5).

CRMP-2 has a sequence homologous to the product of unc-33, a nematode gene required for appropriately directed axonal extension (7). Mutations of unc-33 result in abnormal outgrowth of axons, leading to severely uncoordinated movements in Caenorhabditis elegans (8). Neurites in the mutant showed significant defects in microtubule organization; a superabundance of microtubules was found in sensory dendrites, and some of these microtubules were larger than normal in diameter, and some formed hooks or multiple tubules. These findings suggest that the axonal guidance defects are a consequence of cytoskeletal, in particular, microtubular, abnormalities and that the product of unc-33 should be involved in appropriate organization of microtubules in neurites. A straightforward interpretation is that UNC-33 is a microtubule-associated protein that should control the assembly or stability of microtubules in vivo. However, no distinct cytoskeletal association of CRMP-2 has thus far been recognized.

CRMP-2 may also be involved in the process of neurodegeneration. Highly phosphorylated forms of CRMP-2 were shown to be associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease brains (9, 10). Semaphorin III/D and CRMP-2 have also been reported to mediate neuronal death in a dopamine-induced apoptotic cell model (11).

To study the functions of CRMP-2, especially its possible effects on the cytoskeleton, we established a regulable expression system for hCRMP-2 in Neuro2a (N2a) cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, using the ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system. In this system, the extent of CRMP-2 expression can be regulated by varying the dose of the inducer, ponasterone A. The potential toxic effects of overproduced CRMP-2 may thus be avoided, and changes attributable to CRMP-2 itself may be assessed more accurately. Here, we show evidence suggesting that CRMP-2 affects microtubule dynamics: overexpression of hCRMP-2 in N2a cells induced blebbing of the cytoplasm (and subsequent apoptosis of the cells); acetylated tubulin and CRMP-2 were occasionally deposited as intranuclear inclusions; and CRMP-2 was associated with microtubule bundles in the spindles at the metaphase and in the midbodies at the late telophase in mitotic cells.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Generation of Stable N2a Cell Lines with Inducible CRMP-2 Expression-- A pTARGET-hCRMP-2 construct expressing hCRMP-2 was prepared by polymerase chain reaction as described before (10). The cDNA fragment encoding the complete sequence for hCRMP-2 was then cut with EcoRI and NotI from the plasmid and inserted into the pIND(SP1) vector. The new construct was named pIND(SP1)-hCRMP-2.

A founder N2a cell line stably transfected with pVgRXR (Zeocin-resistant), which constitutively expresses a functional ecdysone receptor, was established as described (12). The founder cells were then transfected with pIND(SP1)-hCRMP-2 to generate double-stable transfectants expressing hCRMP-2. Pooled clones were established by selection using 0.4 mg/ml Zeocin and 1.0 mg/ml G418. Monoclones were then screened for CRMP-2 expression in response to ponasterone A by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence observation using C4G, a monoclonal antibody to CRMP-2 (10). Clones with the highest expression and tightest regulation were selected for further study. The multiple independent expression lines obtained yielded similar experimental results. For the negative control, the founder N2a cell line with the vector pIND(SP1) was mock-transfected. Stable cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Life Technologies, Inc.) containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.4 mg/ml Zeocin, and 0.4 mg/ml G418.

Western Blot Analysis-- Cells were cultured in 6-well plates and treated with ponasterone A as indicated. They were then rinsed once with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and solubilized on ice with a lysis buffer containing 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100, 1 mM EDTA, and a mixture of protease inhibitors (0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 µg/ml N-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, and 1 µg/ml antipain). The lysates were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 15 min, and the supernatants were saved. The protein concentration in each sample was determined by bicinchoninic acid protein assay (Pierce), and equal amounts of protein (2.5 µg/lane) were subjected to 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting using a mixture of monoclonal antibodies to CRMP-2 (C4G and N3E) as described previously (10). The relative expression levels of CRMP-2 were quantitated using a GS700 Imaging Densitometer (Bio-Rad).

Measurements of Cell Viability-- Cell viability was determined by MTT assay or trypan blue exclusion assay as described (12). For the MTT assay, aliquots (150 µl) of the cell suspension (6 × 10⁴ cells/ml) were subcultured in the wells of a 96-well plate. For the neuron-like phenotype, cells were differentiated with 5 mM Bt₂cAMP (Sigma) and CRMP-2 expression was induced with ponasterone A. After 3 days, 50 µl of MTT (2 mg/ml in PBS) was added to each well, and the plate was further incubated for 2 h. The reaction was then stopped by replacing 100 µl of the culture medium with an equal volume of 0.05 N HCl in isopropanol, and the cells were disrupted by pipetting. The cell viability was determined colorimetrically using an automated 96-well plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) and the SOFTmax software to measure the absorbance at 570-650 nm. 100% cell killing was set as that caused by the addition of Triton X-100 at a final concentration of 0.5% 30 min prior to the addition of MTT.

For the trypan blue exclusion assay, aliquots (1 ml) of the cell suspension (7.5 × 10⁴ cells/ml) were added to the wells of a 24-well plate (Falcon) and treated with 5 mM Bt₂cAMP and 5 µM ponasterone A, and the cells were counted every day after trypan blue staining. At least 200 cells were scored for each experiment.

Immunocytochemistry-- For immunofluorescence microscopy, the cells were plated onto 15-mm round coverslips in a 12-well plate (2 × 10⁴ cells in 1 ml of medium) and treated with ponasterone A for the indicated periods. After a brief rinse in PBS, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 20 min, permeabilized with 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min, blocked with 10% calf serum in PBS for 30 min, and then incubated overnight with each primary antibody. The primary antibodies used in this study were: N356, a mouse monoclonal antibody to -tubulin (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech); a mouse monoclonal antibody to acetylated tubulin (clone 6-11B-1, Sigma); mouse monoclonal antibodies to CRMP-2, C4G, and N3E; and a rabbit polyclonal antibody to CRMP-2, A667 (10). As the secondary antibodies, FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG or rhodamine-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory, West Grove, PA) was used.

Nuclei were visualized by staining with 5 µg/ml Hoechst 33258 for 20 min after second antibody binding. Rhodamine-phalloidin (R-415, Molecular Probes, Inc.) was used at this step for F-actin labeling when necessary.

Specimens were examined under either a Zeiss Axioskop microscope (Carl Zeiss Co., Tokyo) or an attached Bio-Rad laser scanning confocal imaging system (Microradiance R2000/AG-2) equipped with the Lasersharp2000 software (Bio-Rad). Images were processed using the Lasersharp2000 post-processing software and Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Inducible Expression of CRMP-2 in N2a Cells-- To study the biological functions of CRMP-2 in the cell, we employed an ecdysone-inducible system to obtain regulable expression of hCRMP-2 in N2a cells. To assess inducible CRMP-2 expression, the lysate of a representative clone was analyzed by Western blotting. As shown in Fig. 1, expression of CRMP-2 was induced by ponasterone A in a dose-dependent manner. Very low levels of CRMP-2 were found to be expressed in N2a cells in the absence of ponasterone A. This level of expression was the same as that in nontransfected cells and was thus considered representative of the level of endogenous CRMP-2. With increasing dose of ponasterone A, the expression levels of CRMP-2 increased, but with >1 µM ponasterone A the expression became saturated at a level that was about 7-fold that of the endogenous level. In the case of tau, a microtubule-associated protein, no saturation of inducible expression was observed up to 5 µM ponasterone A (data not shown), probably because high levels of CRMP-2 are toxic to the cell; the cells expressing higher levels of CRMP-2 started to die (see below).

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Inducible expression of CRMP-2 in N2a cells. A cell line stably transfected with hCRMP-2 was induced with 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 µM ponasterone A for 24 h, lyzed with 0.5% Triton X-100, and subjected to Western blot analysis as described under "Experimental Procedures." The upper panel shows a representative Western blot of hCRMP-2 detected with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies to CRMP-2, C4G, and N3E. Aliquots of lysate containing the same amount of protein (2.5 µg) were loaded on each lane. The lower panel represents quantitation of the Western blots by densitometry, with the levels expressed relative to those in noninduced cells (means ± S.D. from four independent experiments).

Overexpression of CRMP-2 Results in Blebbing of the Cytoplasm and Subsequent Death of N2a Cells-- The effects of CRMP-2 overexpression in N2a cells were first examined under a phase-contrast microscope. After 10-12 h of induction with 5 µM ponasterone A, some cells became rounded and detached from the tissue culture plate. Blebbing of the cytoplasm could be observed in some cells at this stage, and cell death occurred after prolonged induction with ponasterone A. About 15% of the cells died after 24 h of induction with 5 µM ponasterone A, as judged by trypan blue staining.

Immunostaining using antibodies to CRMP-2 showed that blebbing of the cytoplasm appeared only in those cells that expressed higher levels of CRMP-2 (Fig. 2A). The levels of inducibly expressed CRMP-2 varied even among the cells of a monoclonal origin, and its levels in the dying cells were well above those in the morphologically normal ones. If the mean level of CRMP-2 induced by 2 µM ponasterone A is assumed to be about 7-fold that of the endogenous levels, much higher levels must have been expressed in the dying cells. Most of the cells showing cytoplasmic blebbing had intact nuclei, suggesting that alteration of the cytoskeleton occurred before the condensation of nuclei (Fig. 2B).

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Overexpression of CRMP-2 caused blebbing of the cytoplasm and cell death. A and B, pooled clones of N2a cells expressing hCRMP-2 were treated with 2 µM ponasterone A for 24 h and immunolabeled with C4G, a monoclonal antibody to CRMP-2, followed by incubation with FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (A). The nuclei were visualized with Hoechst 33258 (B) as described under "Experimental Procedures." The arrow in each panel indicates a cell expressing high levels of CRMP-2 and blebbing without any obvious changes in the nucleus. C, cell differentiation was induced with 5 mM Bt2cAMP and CRMP-2 expression with 0, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 µM ponasterone A for 3 days. The viability of the cells on day 3 was determined using an MTT assay. The data are the means ± S.D. (bars) from 16 cultures. The viability of the cells not subjected to ponasterone A treatment (0 µM) was regarded as 100%. D, cell differentiation was induced with 5 mM Bt2cAMP and CRMP-2 expression with 5.0 µM ponasterone A, and the cell numbers were counted every 24 h following trypan blue staining. The data are the mean ± S.D. (bars) from four independent cultures. Statistics were performed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (C) and Student's t test (D). Values significantly different from nontreated cells are labeled as follows: *, p < 0.01; **, p < 0.0001.

Cell death was demonstrated by MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion. The cell viability decreased depending on the dose of ponasterone A, becoming significant with >2 µM ponasterone A (Fig. 2C). Although differentiated N2a cells were used in these studies, in our hands, only about 80% of the cells were differentiated by treatment with 5 mM Bt₂cAMP for 24 h, as judged by generation of neurite-like processes. The remaining undifferentiated cells still underwent division, and the cell numbers increased significantly after 2 days (Fig. 2D). Trypan blue staining showed no obvious effect of Bt₂cAMP treatment on survival of N2a cells, as reported by others (12). In contrast, the fraction of cells that did not exclude trypan blue increased significantly upon treatment with ponasterone A, reaching 50-60% after 5 days of treatment. Thus, the decreased cell viability was largely due to cell death, although inhibition of cell proliferation by CRMP-2 might also contribute to some extent. There was no significant change in the viability of mock-transfected cells by ponasterone A treatment (data not shown).

Association of CRMP-2 with Microtubule Bundles-- The distribution of CRMP-2 in N2a cells was examined by immunofluorescence before and after induction by ponasterone A, using C4G, a monoclonal antibody to CRMP-2. As reported by others, CRMP-2 was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm. This distribution was distinct from that of microtubules, actin filaments (Fig. 3A), or neurofilaments (data not shown) in N2a cells. However, in some N2a cells overexpressing CRMP-2, the monoclonal antibody also labeled some distinct structures, i.e. the spindles at the metaphase and the midbodies at the late telophase in mitotic cells. These structures are characterized by the presence of microtubule bundles. Colocalization was confirmed by double labeling with the antibodies to -tubulin and CRMP-2 (Fig. 3B).

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Distribution of CRMP-2 and cytoskeleton in N2a cells. A, cells were induced with 2 µM ponasterone A for 24 h, immunostained with a monoclonal antibody to -tubulin (left), or double-stained with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin (middle) and a monoclonal antibody to CRMP-2, C4G (right). B, colocalization of CRMP-2 with microtubule bundles in the spindle at the metaphase (upper panel) and in the midbody at the late telophase (lower panel) in mitotic cells. Double labeling was performed with a monoclonal antibody to -tubulin and a polyclonal antibody to CRMP-2, A667; the primary antibodies were detected with FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (green) or rhodamine-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (red), respectively. Micrographs were obtained under a laser scanning confocal microscope. For B, a series of optical sections through the cell was collected and projected onto a single-image plane. The superimposed images are presented on the right. Yellow indicates colocalization of CRMP-2 with -tubulin.

Intranuclear Inclusions of CRMP-2 and Tubulin in N2a Cells-- We found that intranuclear inclusions were formed in a small proportion of N2a cells (~2%) overexpressing CRMP-2. In such cells, stronger immunostaining of CRMP-2 was found in the inclusions than in the cytoplasm. These inclusions had a regular outline, and most appeared globular and were 1-2 µm in diameter (Fig. 4A). An antibody to -tubulin strongly stained these intranuclear inclusions (Fig. 4B). The inclusions were quite compact and replaced the chromatin, as seen in Hoechst dye-negative areas in the nucleus (Fig. 4C). No correlation was observed between the formation of intranuclear inclusion and the blebbing of cytoplasm or the condensation of chromatin. Sometimes the inclusions appeared as tapered to curly thick fibers continuous with the cytoplasmic microtubules (Fig. 4B), suggesting that they originate from the microtubule bundles formed during mitosis. This view was further supported by an observation that very few inclusions appeared in the N2a cells differentiated by Bt₂cAMP.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Intranuclear inclusions in N2a cells overexpressing CRMP-2. Cells were treated with 1 µM ponasterone A for 72 h. After fixation with 4% formaldehyde, the cells were labeled with a monoclonal antibody to CRMP-2 (A) or a monoclonal antibody to -tubulin (B) followed by FITC labeling; they were then observed with a confocal microscope. C, double staining with a monoclonal antibody to acetylated tubulin (green) and a polyclonal antibody to CRMP-2, A667 (red), was performed as described in the legend for Fig. 3. The nuclei were visualized by Hoechst 33258 staining, and the photomicrograph of the same field was obtained under a Zeiss Axioskop microscope with a 63× objective. The arrows indicate two intranuclear inclusions.

An antibody to acetylated-tubulin weakly stained the microtubules in the cytoplasm. However, it strongly labeled the intranuclear inclusions, suggesting that the deposits are composed mainly of the mature form of tubulin (Fig. 4C).

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The CRMP/TOAD/Ulip/DRP family of cytosolic proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation and axonal guidance. The lack of sequence homology between the CRMP/UNC-33 family and other proteins in data bases indicates that CRMPs may have a unique and as yet poorly understood molecular mechanism of action.

Our results point to the involvement of CRMP-2 in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. First, CRMP-2 was associated with bundled microtubules in N2a cells. In this respect, CRMP-2 differs from classical microtubule-associated proteins, which are associated with individual microtubules. In vitro assembly/disassembly cycles of microtubules revealed no direct association of CRMP-2 (data not shown). CRMP-2 may be involved in the interaction between microtubules or may help link the microtubules to other cellular components. All members of the CRMP family have a basic region, adjacent to a differentially phosphorylated region, in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the molecule (10). The basic region may be responsible for direct or indirect binding to the microtubules, which is likely regulated by phosphorylation of the adjacent region. It has been reported that CRMPs exist as (hetero)tetramers (13), a good candidate for a cross-linker of individual microtubules. Second, overexpression of CRMP-2 led to blebbing of the cytoplasm of N2a cells. This event is believed to be due to cytoskeletal alterations affecting the dynamics of actin or defective interactions between microfilaments and microtubules. Finally, overexpression of CRMP-2 in N2a cells induced deposition of tubulin, in particular, its stable form, as intranuclear inclusions. Acetylation of -tubulin is a relatively slow enzymatic reaction that occurs only on microtubules and not on free tubulin molecules. The reaction is rapidly reversed when tubulin molecule depolymerizes (14). Thus, the presence in abundance of acetylated tubulin in the intranuclear inclusions indicates that they originate from stable microtubules. The stabilizing effect of overexpressed CRMP-2 on bundles of microtubule structures likely results in the failure of disassembly of spindles during cell division. The present finding may thus explain, in part, some observations in the unc-33 mutant of C. elegans, in which the neurites contain a great abundance of microtubules (8).

CRMP-2 has been reported to be necessary for G-protein-mediated transduction of an extracellular collapsin signal into growth cone collapse (5). However, the observed G-protein-independent effects of pertussis toxin on neurite growth and growth cone morphology (15) suggest that CRMP might also be a component of a non-G-protein-dependent signaling pathway. Alterations of the cytoskeletal network have been proposed to be involved in changes of the growth cone morphology in response to extracellular cues. The actively extended tips of the growth cone are filled with a population of dynamic actin filaments. Microtubules are found in abundance in the central domain of the growth cone, with some of them extending to the base of the filopodia at the leading edge; they play important roles in the maintenance and regulation of the growth cone remodeling by forming highly stable cross-linked bundles (16, 17). In N2a cells, CRMP-2 partially overlaps with filamentous actin in the spreading cytoplasm (see Fig. 3A). However, no apparent change of organization of actin filaments was found in the cells overexpressing CRMP-2. We suggest that one pathway of CRMP-2 mediated-collapsing activity is through its regulation of microtubule reorganization. A cascade of kinase activities may be involved in the collapsin signaling pathway, in which Rac1 regulates the organization of actin filaments (18), and phosphorylation of CRMP-2 may destabilize microtubule bundles in the growth cone. On the other hand, the stabilizing effect of CRMP-2 on the specific microtubule arrangements in the axon shaft contributes to its maintenance. In support of this assumption, the phosphorylation level of CRMP-2 in the brain under development is much greater than that of inducibly expressed CRMP-2 in N2a cells (9, 10).

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. T. Yamazaki for help with the immunocytochemical analysis, Drs. G. Wang and N. Nukina for providing the founder N2a cells, and M. Anzai for typing the manuscript.

	FOOTNOTES

^* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Tel.: 81-3-5841-3541; Fax: 81-3-5800-6852; E-mail: yihara@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, April 17, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.C000179200

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: CRMP, collapsin response mediator protein; hCRMP-2, human CRMP-2; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; Bt₂cAMP, N⁶,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; N2a cells, Neuro2a cells.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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