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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M000145200 on May 2, 2000

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 28, 21272-21277, July 14, 2000
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NF-IL6 (C/EBPbeta ) Vigorously Activates il1b Gene Expression via a Spi-1 (PU.1) Protein-Protein Tether*

Zhiyong YangDagger §, Nawarat Wara-aswapatiDagger , Changmin Chen||, Junichi TsukadaDagger **, and Philip E. AuronDagger DaggerDagger

From Dagger  The New England Baptist Bone & Joint Institute, || Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Received for publication, January 10, 2000, and in revised form, May 2, 2000

    ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Two classes of transcription factors, ETS and bZIP, stand out as key mediators of monocyte commitment and differentiation. The ETS domain factor Spi-1 (also called PU.1) and the bZIP factor NF-IL6 (also called C/EBPbeta ) have been shown to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of interleukin-1beta gene (il1b) and other monocyte-specific genes. We now show that these two factors strongly cooperate on the il1b core promoter (-59/+12) in the absence of direct NF-IL6 binding to DNA. Transient transfection assays, using mutated il1b core promoters, showed that the Spi-1, but not the NF-IL6, binding site is absolutely required for functional cooperativity. Furthermore, the NF-IL6 transactivation domain (TAD) is functionally indispensable and more critical than that of Spi-1. Additionally, TAD-deficient NF-IL6 functions as a dominant negative for Spi-1-mediated activation, suggesting the involvement of the bZIP DNA binding domain. This is supported by the demonstration of in vitro interaction between the NF-IL6 bZIP and Spi-1 winged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) DNA binding domains, arguing that NF-IL6 vigorously activates the il1b core promoter via protein-tethered transactivation mediated by Spi-1.

    INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Myeloid lineage differentiation and the expression of activated monocyte/macrophage genes, such as the gene encoding interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta ),1 depend upon the activity of at least two key transcriptional regulatory factors. One of these is NF-IL6 (also called C/EBPbeta , NF-M, AGP/EBP, LAP, IL6-DBP, and CRP2) (1-6), which is constitutively expressed in resting monocytes and immediately activated by translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus by agents such as lipopolysaccharide, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and IL-6. NF-IL6 is a bZIP transcription factor that belongs to the C/EBP family of proteins (1, 3, 7). Recent studies have shown that NF-IL6 is capable of synergistically cooperating with other transcription factors, including NF-kappa B (8), Sp1 (9), and GATA-1 (10). In these cases, the binding of NF-IL6 and its partners to their recognition sites in the promoters is required for the functional cooperativity. A second factor, Spi-1/PU.1, is a winged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) transcription factor that belongs to the ETS family of proteins. Spi-1 expression is primarily restricted to myeloid cells, whereas NF-IL6 is more broadly expressed. The importance of C/EBP factors and Spi-1 in myeloid cells emphasizes the need to understand the mechanisms regulating their functions.

IL-1beta is an important inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine expressed by primarily activated monocytes/macrophages in response to a variety of stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide, PMA, IL-1beta , and other cytokines (11). Uncovering the mechanisms that drive the expression of il1b will elucidate the events of normal myeloid commitment and differentiation as well as the dysregulation of gene expression that leads to inflammatory diseases. Zhang and Rom (12) reported that the -131/+12 il1b promoter contained two NF-IL6 binding elements, located at positions -90/-82 and -41/-33. While the importance of the more upstream NF-IL6 site has been established (13), the function of the -41/-33 is poorly defined. This site overlaps the 3'-end of a Spi-1 binding site at -50/-39 by 3 base pairs. It was shown that in lipopolysaccharide-simulated macrophage cells, Spi-1, but not NF-IL6, is a predominant protein factor bound to this overlapping sequence (13, 14) in the -59/+12 il1b core promoter. These data argue that the Spi-1, but not the overlapping NF-IL6 binding element, is required for maximal activation of the il1b core promoter.

There are accumulating evidence showing that Spi-1 and C/EBP family factors are important for the regulation of many genes involved in immunity and hematopoiesis, such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (15) and neutrophil elastase (16), in addition to the IL-1beta gene. However, the mechanism responsible for the functional cooperativity is still poorly understood. Many ETS target sites are found adjacent to binding sites for other protein factors, which appear to functionally cooperate. The most frequently reported type of composite site involves cooperative interactions between ETS proteins and bZIP factors (17, 18), such as the interaction between the Spi-1 wHTH ETS DNA binding domain and the NF-IL6beta (C/EBPdelta ) leucine zipper region (17). In transient expression assays, using an artificial promoter containing adjacent Spi-1 and NF-IL6beta sites, Nagulapalli et al. (17) observed that Spi-1 and NF-IL6beta could functionally cooperate to activate transcription. However, the combined roles of NF-IL6beta and Spi-1 in naturally occurring promoters have not yet been reported. In most cases, the association of another factor with Spi-1 results in strong synergistic activation of target gene. A recent example is c-Jun, which acts as a Spi-1 coactivator on the promoters of myeloid genes coding for macrophage scavenger receptor (19), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (20).

The close proximity of the Spi-1 and the putative NF-IL6 sites does not seem to be fortuitous. Even though the putative NF-IL6 site at positions -41/-33 seemed to not be critical as a transcription factor binding site, as suggested by Buras' in vitro data (14), we still investigated the possible functional involvement of NF-IL6 in the regulation of the il1b core promoter. The study described here demonstrates that NF-IL6 strongly cooperates with Spi-1 to activate the il1b core promoter (-59/+12), in which the integrity of the Spi-1 binding site, but not the putative NF-IL6 binding site, is critical for the synergy. In addition, the functional cooperativity between Spi-1 and NF-IL6 definitely requires the transactivation domain (TAD) of NF-IL6, but not those of Spi-1. Spi-1 seems to act as an anchor, which tethers NF-IL6 to the il1b core promoter to exert activation, without NF-IL6 binding to its cognate binding site. This mechanism, which we have called protein-tethered transactivation (PTT) (20, 21), may be more widely used in gene activation than is presently appreciated.

    EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Cell Culture-- HeLa cells (Strain S3) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum and 0.5% penicillin-streptomycin as described previously (21).

Plasmid Constructions-- The human il1b core promoter region (-59/+12) and its mutants were generated by polymerase chain reaction and inserted into pGL3-Basic vector (Promega) at MluI and BglII sites to construct promoter-reporter plasmids. The pRc/CMV plasmids expressing wild-type Spi-1 and a series of Spi-1 deletion mutants were constructed as described previously (21) (22). Expression vectors for the full-length NF-IL6 (pcDNA3.1-NF-IL6) and a truncated NF-IL6 with an internal deletion between the two SplI restriction sites (pcDNA1-NF-IL6Delta Spl) were constructed by inserting the NF-IL6 cDNAs (23) into expression vectors pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA1 (Invitrogen). GST fusion constructs containing various Spi-1 motifs were made as described previously (21). GST-NF-IL6, GST-NF-IL6(Delta spl), and GST-bZIP fusion protein expression vectors were constructed by inserting full-length, truncated Delta Spl NF-IL6 coding region, and a polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragment encoding the bZIP region of NF-IL6 from amino acids 269-345, into pGEX-2T (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) at BamHI and EcoRI sites.

Transfections and Luciferase Assays-- HeLa S3 cells were plated in 24-well plates 24 h before transfection. A total of 1.8 µg plasmid DNA, including 0.5 µg of reporter, 0.5 µg of each expression vector, and 0.3 µg of pCMV·Sport-beta -gal (Life Technologies, Inc.), except as noted, was transfected into the cells using DOTAP transfection reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals GmbH) as described previously (21). After incubation for 24 h, cells were stimulated with 50 ng/ml PMA (Sigma) for 20 h. The cells were then harvested and lysed in 150 µl of cell culture lysis reagent (Promega). The lysates were assayed for luciferase activity using the Promega luciferase assay kit.

Expression and Purification of GST Fusion Protein-- Glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins were prepared by standard procedures as described previously (21). Equivalent amounts of GST fusion proteins (as determined by Bio-Rad and confirmed by Coomassie Blue staining) were bound to 50 µl of glutathione-Sepharose beads by incubation in a total volume of 500 µl of NETN (20 mM Tris chloride, pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.5% Nonidet P-40) (21) for 1 h at 4 °C. The beads were washed three times in NETN buffer.

GST Fusion Protein Interaction Assays-- The Sepharose beads bound with GST fusion protein were incubated with 35S-labeled in vitro translated protein (TNT T7 coupled reticulocyte lysate system, Promega) at 4 °C for 1 h. The beads were washed five times in NETN buffer, and the bound proteins were eluted by boiling for 5 min in SDS-PAGE loading buffer (50 mM Tris·Cl, pH 6.8, 30% glycerol, 0.4% SDS, and 0.1% bromphenol blue) containing beta -mercaptoethanol. Proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (15% polyacrylamide gel), followed by soaking in Amplify fluorographic reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and exposed to Kodak X-Omat film.

GST 1-Hybrid DNA Binding Assay-- A sensitive method modified (21) from a technique previously reported by Chittenden et al. (24) was used as to detect weak protein-DNA interaction. Briefly, equivalent amounts of GST fusion proteins were bound to 50 µl of glutathione-Sepharose beads as described above. After washing with NETN buffer three times, the beads were resuspended in 200 µl of DNA probe binding buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 33 ng/µl poly(dI-dC), 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and incubated for 5 min at 4 °C. The beads were then incubated for 20 min at 4 °C with 200,000 cpm of 32P-labeled wild-type probe corresponding to the il1b promoter sequence between -56 and -21 or the same probe with the putative NF-IL6 site mutated. The beads were washed twice with the binding buffer containing 10 ng/ml poly(dI-dC) and 0.5% Nonidet P-40. Specific binding was assessed by Cerenkov counting of the protein-DNA complex on the glutathione-Sepharose beads.

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays-- Double-stranded oligonucleotides spanning the overlapping Spi-1 and NF-IL6 sites (il1b promoter region from -56 to -21) were synthesized and labeled by using DNA polymerase Klenow fragment in the presence of [alpha -32P]dATP and [alpha -32P]dGTP. EMSAs were carried out by incubating 0.5 µl in vitro translated Spi-1 or NF-IL6 protein (TNT T7 coupled reticulocyte lysate system, Promega) with 10,000 cpm of the wild-type il1b probe, or the probe carrying mutations in either the Spi-1 site or the NF-IL6 site, under binding conditions of 10 mM Tris·Cl, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 3.3 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 5% glycerol with 1 µg of poly(dI-dC) in a final volume of 15 µl. The binding reactions were performed on ice for 20 min and then subjected to electrophoresis on 4% nondenaturing low ionic strength polyacrylamide gels using 0.5 × TBE buffer (TBE, 45 mM Tris borate, pH 8.3, and 1 mM EDTA). The gels were then dried and analyzed by autoradiography.

    RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

NF-IL6 Strongly Cooperates with Spi-1 to Activate the (-59/+12) il1b Core Promoter-- We and others (12-14) have previously reported that the -59/+12 il1b core promoter contains a Spi-1 (-50/-39) and an NF-IL6 (-41/-33) binding site. To verify that Spi-1 and NF-IL6 could transactivate the il1b core promoter, we performed transient cotransfection assays. A luciferase reporter plasmid containing the il1b core promoter was cotransfected into Spi-1-deficient HeLa S3 cells (25) along with plasmids either expressing Spi-1, NF-IL6, or both (Spi-1+NF-IL6). The cells were stimulated with PMA 20 h before luciferase assays to activate the NF-IL6 protein. As shown in Fig. 1, NF-IL6 alone only had a minimal effect, whereas Spi-1 stimulated activity by about 20-fold. However, NF-IL6 together with Spi-1 activated the il1b core promoter by about 380-fold, suggesting a strong cooperativity between these two factors.


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  		Fig. 1.   Effect of Spi-1and NF-IL6 on the transcription of the wild-type or mutant il1b promoter. The wild type il1b (-59/+12) core promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid, or reporter constructs containing mutations of the Spi-1 and NF-IL6 sites, were transfected into HeLa S3 cells along with vectors expressing either Spi-1 or NF-IL6 as shown. The luciferase reporter vector pGL3-Basic containing no insertion was also cotransfected with various expression vectors as a control. Luciferase activities were normalized to beta -galactosidase activities expressed by a cotransfected plasmid. The level of the wild-type reporter construct in the presence of empty expression vectors is set to 1. Data represent the mean and the S.E. of three repetitions.

Mutation of the Spi-1 Site, but Not the NF-IL6 Site, Abolishes Cooperative Activation-- To determine whether the cooperative activation of the il1b core promoter by Spi-1 and NF-IL6 depends on their binding sites, site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce multiple nucleotide sequence substitutions into the Spi-1 (mut Spi-1), NF-IL6 (mut NF-IL6), or both (mut both) binding sites, without changing the nucleotides in the overlapping region (Fig. 2). In agreement with previous studies (13), mutation of the Spi-1 binding site completely prevented activation by Spi-1, either alone or with NF-IL6 (Fig. 1). Transfection of NF-IL6 alone did not affect the promoter activity, even when the overlapping Spi-1 site was disrupted. A promoter containing an intact Spi-1 site and either an intact or mutated NF-IL6 site (WT or mut NF-IL6) supported activation by Spi-1 alone. Importantly, a promoter containing an intact Spi-1, but a mutated NF-IL6 site (mut NF-IL6) retained a majority of the synergistic activation in the presence of both Spi-1 and NF-IL6 (Fig. 1). Consequently, the Spi-1 binding site, but not the NF-IL6 binding site, is critical for the cooperative transactivation of this promoter by Spi-1 and NF-IL6.


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  		Fig. 2.   Human il1b promoter mutants. Shown are the locations and identities of mutations used in this study (indicated by arrows). Numbering is relative to the transcription initiation site. Sequences conforming to Spi-1 and NF-IL6 consensus recognition sites are labeled.

Using the wild-type il1b probe, containing both the Spi-1 and NF-IL6 sites (Fig. 3A), in vitro translated Spi-1 can bind avidly to the probe in EMSA (lane 2), as suggested by previous reports (13, 14). Mutations in the core Spi-1 recognition sequence (AGAA to CTAA) abolished Spi-1 binding (lane 3). Due to the weak equilibrium binding observed by EMSA between NF-IL6 and the il1b probe (-56/-21) (data not shown), we employed a GST-1-hybrid assay, capable of detecting complexes with either low affinity or high decay rates (21). Fig. 3B shows that a GST-bZIP fusion protein containing the NF-IL6 bZIP DNA-binding domain could bind to the wild-type probe about six times better than the binding between GST control protein and the probe. As expected, the substitution of 4 nucleotides in the NF-IL6 consensus region prevented the probe from being recognized by NF-IL6.


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  		Fig. 3.   Mutations within the il1b probe abolish protein binding by Spi-1 and NF-IL6. A, unprogrammed rabbit reticulocyte lysate (lane 1) and in vitro translated Spi-1 (lanes 2 and 3) were incubated with the wild-type il1b probe (between nucleotides -56 and -21) in EMSA. Also, in vitro translated Spi-1 was incubated with the same probe containing mutations in the core Spi-1 recognition site (AGAA to CTAA) in EMSA (lane 3). B, the GST-1-hybrid assay was used to detect weak protein-DNA interaction between NF-IL6 bZIP and the il1b probe. GST and GST-bZIP fusion proteins immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose were tested for DNA binding activity using either wild type (wt) il1b probe (between nucleotides -56 and -21) or probe containing mutations in the putative NF-IL6 site (mNF-IL6). The results are the relative binding affinity with the cpm of mNF-IL6 probe bound to GST-bZIP set as 1. Error bars represent the S.E. in results from three repetitions.

The NF-IL6 TAD Is Indispensable for Functional Cooperativity, while Spi-1 TADs Only Partly Contribute-- NF-IL6 is a 345-amino acid protein with a COOH-terminal basic leucine zipper structure (bZIP) that binds to DNA. The TAD of NF-IL6 has been reported to bind directly to CBP/p300 (26). The extreme amino terminus of NF-IL6 is capable of recruiting SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex and activating endogenous target genes in concert with the TAD (27). Between the TAD and the bZIP domains reside regulatory domains, which are involved in intramolecular interactions that inhibit transactivation and DNA binding when NF-IL6 is not activated by phosphorylation (28, 29) (Fig. 4A). Spi-1 possesses a COOH-terminal ETS wHTH domain that is involved in both DNA binding as well as protein-protein interactions involving AP-1 family members, NF-IL6beta (C/EBPdelta ), and other proteins (17, 18, 20, 30). The amino-terminal 170 amino acids of Spi-1 contains three independent transcriptional activation domains: a glutamine-rich (Q, where Q indicates Gln) domain that can also bind to CBP/p300 (31); an amino-terminal, TBP (TATA box-binding protein) binding domain (32); and a PEST domain, involved in protein-protein interactions with the lymphoid-specific coactivator NF-EM5/Pip/IRF-4 (33, 34) (Fig. 5A).


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  		Fig. 4.   NF-IL6 with a disrupted TAD cannot functionally cooperate with Spi-1. A, schematic representation of NF-IL6 protein structure. Functional domains, including a regulatory region (Reg.) that inhibits the TAD and bZIP domains via intramolecular interaction, are shown. Also shown is the dominant negative NF-IL6 mutant (NF-IL6Delta Spl). B, wild-type il1b (-59/+12)-luciferase reporter plasmid was transfected into HeLa S3 cells in the presence of vectors expressing wild-type Spi-1 plus either mutant or wild-type NF-IL6. Activities are presented as in Fig. 1.


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  		Fig. 5.   NF-IL6 and Spi-1 cooperativity is differentially affected by distinct regions of the Spi-1 protein. A, schematic representation of Spi-1 showing previously identified functional regions and the regions contained within various expression vectors. B, Spi-1 expression vectors as depicted in A were transiently transfected into HeLa S3 cells with wild-type il1b (-59/+12)-luciferase reporter plasmid, in either the presence or absence of NF-IL6 expression vector. Activities are presented as in Fig. 1.

To determine the domains of Spi-1 and NF-IL6 required for transcriptional cooperativity, we assayed deletion mutations of both proteins in transient transfection assays. First, vectors coding for full-length NF-IL6 and a truncation (Delta Spl) that can bind to DNA, but lacks the TAD and a portion of the regulatory region, were co-expressed with full-length Spi-1 and assayed for il1b core promoter reporter activity in HeLa cells. Western analysis showed that both the full-length and the truncated NF-IL6 (Delta Spl) were correctly expressed by the transfected plasmids in HeLa cells (data not shown). The truncated NF-IL6 could not synergize with Spi-1 (Fig. 4B). Unlike the observations with NF-IL6, the Spi-1 mutant constructs (Fig. 5, A and B) with deletions of either the Q domain (Delta PN), or the Q domain together with the NH2-terminal TBP binding domain (Delta 100, Delta NN) retained significant ability to cooperate with NF-IL6. Deletion of the PEST region increased Spi-1 activation of the il1b core promoter and its ability to synergize with NF-IL6, arguing for its dispensability. We have previously shown that expression of the various Spi-1 derivatives in HeLa cells with these vectors yielded comparable levels of proteins capable of binding specifically to DNA (13).

Dominant Negative NF-IL6 Represses Spi-1-dependent Activation of the il1b Core Promoter in HeLa Cells-- Previously we have shown that the Delta Spl truncated NF-IL6 could antagonize NF-IL6-dependent activation (23) of the il1b upstream inducible enhancer (UIS), by competing with the wild-type endogenous NF-IL6 for a specific NF-IL6 binding site. We have transfected this dominant negative NF-IL6 mutant into HeLa cells in either the presence or absence of Spi-1. As shown in Fig. 6, Spi-1 alone activated the il1b core promoter. Strikingly, cotransfection of the NF-IL6 dominant negative repressed the Spi-1-mediated activation in a dose-dependent fashion, presumably by interfering with endogenous NF-IL6 function. Cotransfection of 0.5 or 1 µg of Delta Spl NF-IL6 vector with a constant amount of Spi-1 expression plasmid (0.25 µg) revealed a 20 and 60% decrease of Spi-1-induced activity, respectively. However, the small amount of basal il1b core promoter activity was not affected by the NF-IL6 dominant negative when Spi-1 was not present, even though NF-IL6 is known to be endogenously expressed in HeLa cells (35).


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  		Fig. 6.   Dominant negative NF-IL6 represses Spi-1-mediated activation of the il1b (-59/+12) core promoter. HeLa S3 cells were transfected with 0.25 µg of il1b (-59/+12)-luciferase reporter construct, 0.25 µg of pRc/CMV vectors (with or without Spi-1 insert), together with the indicated amount of plasmid expressing the dominant negative mutant of NF-IL6 (NF-IL6Delta Sp1). Each well was also transfected with 0.15 µg of a beta -galactosidase expression vector to control for transfection efficiency. The data were quantified as relative fold activation, where 1 represents il1b (-59/+12)-luciferase reporter activity in the presence of only empty vectors, corrected for beta -galactosidase activity. Error bars represent the standard error from three repetitions.

Spi-1 and NF-IL6 Directly Interact through Their DNA Binding Regions, the ETS and bZIP Domains-- It has been shown by a number of studies that the wHTH domains of Spi-1 and other ETS factors directly interact with various transcription factors, playing a possible role in functional cooperativity (17, 18, 30, 36). To determine whether Spi-1 and NF-IL6 cooperativity in il1b expression is mediated by protein-protein binding, we performed GST pull-down protein-interaction assays. The full-length Spi-1 cDNA and truncated sequences were subcloned into plasmid pGEX-2T to produce GST fusion constructs. The 35S-labeled NF-IL6 prepared by in vitro transcription and translation was incubated with similar amounts of either GST or various GST Spi-1 truncations linked to Sepharose beads. After incubation, the beads were intensively washed, and bound proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE. As shown in Fig. 7A, NF-IL6 binds directly to full-length Spi-1 (lane 2), but not to the GST control (lane 1). More specifically, only the DNA binding domain of Spi-1 (amino acids 171-272) (lane 3) is required to mediate the interaction with NF-IL6. The GST fusion construct containing amino acids 202-254 (lane 4) bound to NF-IL6 as well as the full-length protein. The 202-254 region was further dissected into two pieces, which were also fused to GST (the 243-254 and 202-242 constructs, lanes 5 and 6). Both of these fusion proteins were capable of weakly binding to NF-IL6. It is possible that regions containing both the beta 2/alpha 2/alpha 3 and beta 3/beta 4 (Fig. 5A) structural elements are important in mediating Spi-1 and NF-IL6 interaction.


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  		Fig. 7.   Spi-1 and NF-IL6 interact with each other through their DNA binding regions. A, equal amounts of GST and GST-Spi-1 fusion proteins containing various structural elements of Spi-1, as depicted in Fig. 5A, were prepared and tested for binding to in vitro translated 35S-labeled full-length NF-IL6 protein by GST pull-down assay. Numbers above the panel indicate the region of Spi-1 amino acid sequence present in the fusion protein. Quantitation of the expressed GST fusion proteins was determined by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining (data not shown). Lane 7 shows the mobility of in vitro translated NF-IL6 protein by SDS-PAGE. B, equal amounts of GST, or GST-wHTH fusion protein containing the DNA binding domain of Spi-1 (aa 171-272), was incubated with in vitro translated 35S-labeled NF-IL6, NF-IL6Delta Spl (Delta aa 41-205), or NF-IL6 bZIP (Delta aa 1-268) in the GST pull-down assay. C, reciprocal GST pull-down assay confirms the binding between NF-IL6 bZIP domain and Spi-1 wHTH domain. The NF-IL6 bZIP domain (aa 269-345) was expressed as a GST fusion protein and immobilized to glutathione-Sepharose beads. The wHTH domain of Spi-1 was in vitro translated and labeled with 35S. For B and C, one-fourth of the input 35S-labeled protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE as a control, showing the mobility of in vitro translated protein.

To identify sequences within NF-IL6 necessary for interaction with Spi-1, we prepared in vitro translated 35S-labeled NF-IL6 with amino-terminal deletions and tested for interaction with GST-Spi-1 171-272 (Fig. 7B). Similar to the full-length NF-IL6 (lane 2), the mutant Delta Spl NF-IL6 with the deletion of the region from amino acids 41-205 binds to the Spi-1 ETS domain (lane 4). It is noteworthy that deletion of the amino-terminal 268 amino acids of NF-IL6, leaving only the bZIP DNA binding domain, dramatically increased the binding affinity observed in the GST pull-down assay (lane 6). It was reported that, in the absence of activation, one of two regulatory elements (RD2, Fig. 4) from rat NF-IL6 could inhibit DNA binding by intramolecular interaction, whereas the other element (RD1) similarly inhibited transactivation (28, 29). Our data suggest that the RD2 domain, specifically the region from aa 206 to 268, may also prevent NF-IL6 from interacting with its cofactors.

In a reciprocal assay, 35S-labeled Spi-1 ETS domain (from amino acids 171-272) was prepared by in vitro transcription and translation and incubated with GST-bZIP fusion protein containing the bZIP region of NF-IL6 from amino acids 269-345. As expected, the labeled Spi-1 wHTH domain bound strongly to GST-bZIP, but not to GST alone (Fig. 7C).

    DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

The expression of il1b is regulated by two independent elements, an upstream inducible sequence (the UIS enhancer) and a cell type-specific promoter element (37). Although strong enhancer-dependent activity depends upon a long promoter extending from -131 to +12 (13), weaker enhancer-independent activity can be detected with the shorter -59/+12 promoter. Moreover, we have recently shown that the Spi-1 binding site located at position -50/-39 is responsible for mediating transactivation of il1b expression by cytomegalovirus IE2 protein, which eliminates the need for the otherwise essential upstream enhancer (21).

In this report, we have demonstrated that NF-IL6 dramatically cooperates with Spi-1 to activate the il1b core promoter, where the Spi-1 binding site, but not the putative NF-IL6 site, is critical. Although the Spi-1 recognition site is sufficiently important that mutations leading to a complete loss of Spi-1 binding result in a total loss of promoter activity in the presence of cotransfected Spi-1 and NF-IL6, deletion of the transcription activation domains of Spi-1 results in only a partial loss of its ability to functionally cooperate with NF-IL6. In contrast, the deletion of the NF-IL6 transactivation domain (aa 41-205) completely abolishes its ability to synergize with Spi-1 on the il1b core promoter. Physical interaction between the Spi-1 wHTH and the NF-IL6 bZIP DNA binding domains provides the basis for our model. In this model, the Spi-1 wHTH domain functions to recognize a specific site in the il1b core promoter and tether NF-IL6, which contains an efficient transcription activation domain, which, unlike those of Spi-1, is able to strongly activate il1b expression (Fig. 8). This is distinct from an earlier report of NF-IL6 cooperativity with glucocorticoid receptor, in which the NF-IL6 played a TAD-independent and indirect role (38). It should be noted that we could not detect a reproducible ternary complex (data not shown), involving NF-IL6, Spi-1, and DNA using either EMSA or a more sensitive GST-based two-hybrid approach (21), suggesting a tenuous interaction. Others have also attempted to detect ternary complexes involving NF-IL6 and have failed (38, 39), supporting this conclusion.


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  		Fig. 8.   Proposed cooperative PTT model for activation of the il1b promoter by Spi-1 and NF-IL6. Spi-1 mainly functions as a DNA-binding protein, tethering NF-IL6 to the proximity of the transcriptional initiation machinery. Although the Spi-1 TADs contribute to the cooperativity, they are not as critical as that of NF-IL6. Also shown is a speculated role for Spi-1 as both a DNA- and protein-binding factor, which may integrate the il1b far-upstream inducible enhancer (UIS) containing two NF-IL6 binding sites to the core promoter through NF-IL6 interaction.

Our model is supported by two facts. First, cotransfection of NF-IL6 expression vector significantly increased the ability of both Spi-1Delta 100 (lacking both TBP and Q TADs) and Spi-1Delta PEST (lacking the PEST region) to activate the il1b core promoter (Fig. 5). Second, although the dominant negative NF-IL6 was not able to repress the Spi-1-independent activity of the il1b core promoter in NF-IL6-expressing HeLa cells (22), it antagonized the Spi-1-mediated activation of the same promoter in a dose-dependent manner. This is consistent with the notion that Spi-1 activation of the il1b core promoter is mediated by NF-IL6 and that the putative overlapping NF-IL6 site is not functional. GST pull-down assays demonstrate that both NF-IL6Delta Spl and the full-length protein interact with Spi-1 at a similar level (Fig. 7), implying that NF-IL6Delta Spl may compete with endogenous NF-IL6 for interaction with Spi-1. It has been reported that Spi-1 without the TBP and Q TADs can activate transcription by playing an architectural role in interaction with NF-EM5/Pip/IRF-4 mediated by the PEST region (40). Recently, we have shown that functional cooperativity between Spi-1 and the cytomegalovirus IE2 transcription factor does not require any Spi-1 TADs (including PEST) for activity (21). Our data now provide a new example in which the Spi-1 wHTH functions both to bind DNA and to tether a nonviral transcription factor containing a more potent TAD.

The mechanism by which the il1b UIS is integrated into the core promoter has always been a puzzle. We have reported that the UIS sequence between -3134 and -2729 contains two NF-IL6 binding sites (11, 23). Also we have shown that the -131/-59, which contains an additional Spi-1 binding site, is critical for enhancer activity (13). Our results now suggest the possibility that factors bound to the UIS, including LIL-Stat, CREB, and NF-IL6 (23), may be tethered to the proximity of the transcriptional initiation machinery through NF-IL6-Spi-1 interactions (Fig. 8). However, carefully designed experiments are needed to confirm this speculation.

In this report, we have shown that NF-IL6, which is abundant in myeloid cells (41), strongly synergizes with Spi-1 on the il1b core promoter via PTT (21) in transient transfection assays using Spi-1-deficient HeLa cells. This suggests that PTT also functions in IL-1beta -producing monocyte/macrophage cells. However, other bZIP family factors, such as NF-IL6beta (C/EBPdelta ) (17), c-Jun (20), as well as other cellular or viral transcription factors (21, 42, 43), have been shown to physically interact with Spi-1. It would be interesting to determine whether other factors, which are also expressed at various levels over the course of myeloid differentiation, particularly c-Jun (44-46), C/EBPdelta (17), C/EBPalpha (41), and C/EBPepsilon (47), can also synergize with Spi-1 on the il1b core promoter. Consistent with this prediction, we have recently demonstrated that the viral protein HCMV IE2 strongly activates the il1b promoter via PTT using a similar Spi-1 tether (21).

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank R. Maki and D. G. Tenen for various Spi-1 expression plasmids, A. C. Webb and B. Choy for helpful discussions and technical assistance, and E. Chase for secretarial assistance.

    FOOTNOTES

* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant CA68544 (to P. E. A).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

§ Recipient of the individual National Research Service Award.

Present address: Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002.

** Present address: First Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807, Japan.

Dagger Dagger To whom correspondence should be addressed: Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 245, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115-5727. Tel.: 617-667-0741, Fax: 617-975-5299; E-mail: pauron@caregroup. harvard.edu.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, May 2, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M000145200

    ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: IL, interleukin; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; bZIP, basic leucine zipper; wHTH, winged helix-turn-helix; TAD, transactivation domain; PTT, protein-tethered transactivation; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; TBP, TATA box-binding protein; UIS, upstream inducible enhancer; aa, amino acid(s).

    REFERENCES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

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