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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 28, 21703-21714, July 14, 2000
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From the
Received for publication, January 31, 2000, and in revised form, April 13, 2000
In mammals, two isoforms of the peroxisome
targeting signal (PTS) type 1 receptor Pex5p, i.e. Pex5pS
and Pex5pL with an internal 37-amino acid insertion, have previously
been identified. Expression of either type of Pex5p complements the
impaired PTS1 import in Chinese hamster ovary pex5 mutants,
but only Pex5pL can rescue the PTS2 import defect noted in a subgroup
of pex5 mutants such as ZP105. In this work, we found that
Pex5pL directly interacts with the PTS2 receptor Pex7p, carrying its
cargo PTS2 protein in the cytosol. Pex5pL, but not Pex5pS, mediated the
binding of PTS2 protein to Pex14p by translocating Pex7p, demonstrating
that Pex5pL plays a pivotal role in peroxisomal PTS2 import. Pex5p was
localized mostly in the cytosol in wild-type CHO-K1 and
Pex14p-deficient mutant cells, whereas it accumulated in the
peroxisomal remnants in cell mutants defective in Pex13p or the RING
family peroxins such as Pex2p and Pex12p. Furthermore, overexpression
of Pex14p, but not Pex10p, Pex12p, or Pex13p, caused accumulation of
Pex5p in peroxisomal membranes, with concomitant interference
with PTS1 and PTS2 import. Therefore, Pex5p carrying the cargoes most
likely docks with the initial site (Pex14p) in a putative import
machinery, subsequently translocating to other components such as
Pex13p, Pex2p, Pex10p, and Pex12p.
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous intracellular organelles that are found
in organisms ranging from yeasts to human beings. The organelles are
spherical, with a diameter of 0.1-1 µm, and they are bounded by a
single membrane. Peroxisomes function in a wide variety of metabolic
pathways, including the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids by
To search for a clue to the mechanisms involved in protein import to
peroxisomes, we earlier isolated two phenotypically distinct groups of
PEX5-defective CG2 CHO cell mutants (11). One group of the
pex5 mutants, such as ZP105, showed an import defect of both
PTS1 and PTS2 proteins, whereas another group of pex5
mutants represented by ZP139 showed impaired transport of PTS1
proteins, but not PTS2 proteins. Fibroblasts with such distinct
phenotypes from CG2 patients were also identified (9, 12). In yeast, PEX5 expression complements a mutant phenotype that is
defective solely in PTS1 import (13-16). In mammals, including Chinese
hamster and humans, two isoforms of Pex5p, termed Pex5pS and Pex5pL,
have been identified (9, 11, 12). Chinese hamster Pex5pS and Pex5pL
consist of 595 and 632 amino acids, respectively (11) (see Fig.
1E). A G-to-A transition resulted in one amino acid substitution, G298E of Pex5pS (G335E of Pex5pL) in ZP105 and G485E of
Pex5pS (G522E of Pex5pL) in ZP139 (11). Both mutations were in the
tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains, i.e. TPR1 and TPR6, respectively. In ZP105, expression of Chinese hamster (Cl)
PEX5S complements import of PTS1 (but not PTS2) as in yeast,
whereas ClPEX5L restores import of both PTS1 and PTS2,
implying that Pex5pL is apparently involved in PTS2 import (11).
Likewise, only Pex5pL can restore PTS2 import in fibroblasts from a CG2
patient with Zellweger syndrome (12). However, the molecular mechanisms
involved in such mammalian specific import pathway(s) mediated by Pex5p are not understood.
Pex13p, an SH3 protein, was identified as a Pex5p-binding protein on
peroxisomal membranes in yeast (17-19). Pex14p interacts with both
Pex5p and Pex7p in a mammalian system (20) as well as in yeast (21,
22). Contrary to matrix proteins, import of peroxisomal membrane
proteins is normal in PEX13-defective CHO cell mutants (23)
and PBD patient fibroblasts (24, 25) and CHO pex14 mutants
(20, 26), as in most of the other mutants so far isolated (2, 27).
Therefore, Pex14p and Pex13p are likely to play an important role
in the import of matrix proteins, possibly as components of
"import machinery."
We report herein several lines of evidence that in addition to PTS1
import, Pex5pL mediates PTS2 protein transport into peroxisomes by
interaction with Pex7p and a Pex5p-docking protein, Pex14p. Intracellular location, molecular forms, and a temperature-sensitive phenotypic property of Pex5p are described. We also propose a putative
peroxisomal import apparatus in relation to a mobile shuttle signal
receptor, Pex5p, and its initial docking site, Pex14p.
Cell Culture, Transfection of PEX cDNAs, and Morphological
Analysis--
CHO cells were cultured as described (28). CHO-K1 cells
and CHO pex5 mutants ZP105 and ZP139 (11) (see Table I) were also cultured at 30 °C to examine a temperature-sensitive phenotype (29). In addition, we used a stable cell transformant termed 207P7,2 which is the
PEX7-defective CHO cell mutant ZPG207 expressing PTS2-GFP
(30) that had been stably transfected with human PEX7. cDNA transfection was performed with expression plasmids in the pUcD2Hyg vector of CHO mutant ZP105-derived PEX5,
ClPEX5SG298E, and ClPEX5LG335E (11). We also used
influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged ClPEX5 variants
(see below), rat FLAG-PEX12 (31), FLAG-ClPEX13
(23), and rat PEX14-myc (20), using LipofectAMINE (Life
Technologies, Inc.) as described (32). Peroxisomes in CHO cells were
visualized under a Carl Zeiss Axioskop FL microscope as described (11)
by indirect immunofluorescence light microscopy using rabbit antibodies
to PTS1 peptide (11), rat 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (28), and Pex7p
peptide comprising 19 amino acid residues from the C
terminus.2 PTS2-GFP in 207P7 cells was also monitored under
a fluorescence microscope (30). Pex5pS and Pex5pL were detected with
rabbit anti-Pex5pS antibody (see below) in cells that had been
permeabilized for 5 min with either 25 µg/ml digitonin or 1% Triton
X-100. Pex5p-HA (33), FLAG-Pex12p (31), FLAG-Pex13p (23), and
Pex14p-Myc (20) were detected as described. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Cappel), except for Pex7p in 207P7, for which
we used Texas Red-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Leinco Technologies).
Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RT-PCR)--
RT-PCR was done with Superscript RT (Life Technologies,
Inc.) and 5 µg of total RNA each from rat liver as well as CHO-K1 cells and pex5 mutants ZP105 and ZP139 as described (11).
Each set of primers used contained a sense and an antisense primer, respectively, as follows: 36S (5'-GGTCCTACGGTGCGGCC-3'; nucleotide sequence at positions 36-52 in ClPEX5L cDNA, where the
initiation codon starts at position 86) (11)) and 1253R
(5'-GGCTTCAGCTCCAGACA-3'; nucleotide sequence at positions 1253 to
1237) for CHO-K1; 66S (5'-GGTGGTCACCATGGCAA-3'; nucleotide sequence at
positions 66-82) and 1142R (5'-TGCACTGCAGCCTCAAA-3'; nucleotide
sequence at positions 1142-1126) for ZP105; and 131S
(5'-AGCTGGCCACTCACTTC-3'; nucleotide sequence at positions 131-147)
and 1127R (5'-AAAAGCAGCACGGCATT-3'; nucleotide sequence at positions
1127 to 1111) for ZP139. Primers used for rat liver were a sense primer
(269S, 5'-AATTCCTGCAGGACCAG-3'; nucleotide sequence at positions
269-285) and an antisense primer (834R, 5'-GCCCTGCTGCTGTATAA-3';
nucleotide sequence at positions 834 to 818), designed specifically for
ClPEX5L; another set of primers were 269S and 1268R
(5'-GCTGTCCGGTTATCTGG-3'; nucleotide sequence at positions 1268 to
1252). Amplified DNA products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Expression of Fusion Protein--
Glutathione
S-transferase (GST) fusion protein with ClPEX5
protein was constructed in Escherichia coli expression
vector pGEX6P-1 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Tokyo, Japan) as follows.
The NcoI-BglII site was created in pGEX6P-1 by
inserting 5'-CATGGAAGATCT-3' and its complementary oligonucleotide into
the SmaI site. NcoI-BglII fragments of
pBS-ClPEX5S and pBS-ClPEX5L (11) were separately ligated into the NcoI-BglII site of pGEX6P-1.
NcoI-BglII fragments, each from ZP105-derived
pBS-ClPEX5LG335E and ZP139-type pBS-ClPEX5LG522E (11), were replaced into the NcoI-BglII site of
pGEX6P-1·ClPEX5S. All plasmid constructs were assessed by
nucleotide sequence analysis. GST fusion proteins with Chinese hamster
Pex5p and rat Pex14p (20) were expressed in E. coli and
purified as described (20). Pex5p was isolated from GST-Pex5p by
cleaving with PreScission protease (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) as
described (20).
Expression of Epitope-tagged Pex5p--
HA tagging to the C
terminus of Pex5p was done with a PCR-based technique using a forward
primer (5'-TGTCTTGGGATCCCTGTT-3'; nucleotide sequence at positions
1425-1442 in ClPEX5L; see above), a reverse primer
(5'-GCGGCCGCTCACAATGATGCGTAATCTGGTACGTCGTATGGATAGCAGGGCAGGCCAAACATAGCT-3') containing the HA epitope (underlined) and a stop codon, and
pUcD2·ClPEX5S as a DNA template. HA-tagged
ClPEX5S and ClPEX5L were separately cloned into
pUcD2 by replacing the BamHI-NotI fragment of
each pUcD2·ClPEX5S and pUcD2·ClPEX5L with
the respective BamHI-NotI fragment of the
PCR-amplified products. Plasmid pUcD2Hyg·ClPEX5S-HA and
pUcD2Hyg·ClPEX5L-HA were constructed by inserting the
BamHI-NotI fragments of
pUcD2·ClPEX5S-HA and pUcD2·ClPEX5L-HA into
pUcD2SR In Vitro Binding Assay--
The binding reaction was performed
essentially as described (20). The reaction mixture (400-500 µl)
contained protein components to be examined, including GST-Pex14p (3 µg), Pex5pS or Pex5pL (3 µg), 35S-labeled Pex7p (10 µl), and 35S-labeled-3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (referred to
hereafter as thiolase; 10 µl) (34), in binding assay buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet
P-40, 10% glycerol, 25 µg/ml each leupeptin and antipain, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 mM EDTA,
and 1 mM dithiothreitol). After incubation for 2 h at
4 °C, proteins were recovered using glutathione-Sepharose (Amersham
Pharmacia Biotech), washed four times with binding assay buffer minus
glycerol, and then analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Radioactive protein bands were detected using a Fujix BAS1500 Bio-Autoimaging Analyzer (Fuji Photo
Film, Tokyo), and Pex5p was detected by immunoblotting. Such a GST
pull-down assay was likewise done with GST fused to Pex5p or its
variants derived from ZP105 and ZP139 and 35S-labeled Pex7p
and [35S]thiolase. In vitro interaction assay
was also performed using CHO cell lysates. CHO-K1, mutant, and 207P7
cells (1 × 108 each) were lysed on ice with binding
assay buffer (2 ml) for 1 h and centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 40 min at 4 °C. The supernatant fraction (typically
a 400-µl aliquot) was incubated with GST or GST fusion protein (~5
µg)-bound glutathione-Sepharose (30 µl) in 700 µl by rotating for
2 h at 4 °C. The Sepharose beads were washed three times with
binding assay buffer minus glycerol. Bound proteins were detected by
SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. CHO-K1 cells (1 × 107)
expressing Pex5pS-HA or Pex5pL-HA was likewise lysed in 2 ml, and
one-fifth aliquot each was incubated with cell-free synthesized 35S-labeled Pex5pS and Pex5pL (3 µl each), respectively.
Pex5p-HA was immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-HA antibody and
formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus cells (Pansorbin; Calbiochem).
Co-immunoprecipitation Assay--
To verify the findings
in vitro, we conducted immunoprecipitation with anti-HA
antibody using a lysate of 207P7 cells transfected with
PEX5S-HA or PEX5L-HA. Co-immunoprecipitated
proteins were assessed by SDS-PAGE of the immunoprecipitates, followed
by immunoblotting as described below.
Gel Filtration Chromatography--
To estimate the molecular
mass of a Pex5p oligomer, if any, of purified recombinant Chinese
hamster Pex5pS, gel filtration was performed on a Bio-Gel A-0.5m column
(1 × 90 cm; Bio-Rad Japan, Tokyo) in 50 mM Hepes-KOH,
pH 7.4, and 0.15 M NaCl. Molecular mass standards
used were thyroglobulin (670 kDa), Subcellular Fractionation--
CHO-K1 and peroxisome
biogenesis-defective CHO cell mutants (2 × 108 each)
were homogenized in 1.5 ml of homogenization buffer (0.25 M
sucrose, 5 mM Hepes-KOH, pH 7.4, and 25 µg/ml each of
leupeptin and antipain) by 30 strokes of an Elvehjem-Potter
homogenizer. A post-nuclear supernatant (PNS) fraction, prepared by
centrifugation of homogenates at 750 × g for 10 min,
was centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 40 min to separate
organelles (heavy and light mitochondrial and microsomal fractions) and
the cytosol. The PNS from 1 × 107 cells was treated
with 10 µg/ml proteinase K on ice for 30 min and was then separated
into the organellar and cytosolic fractions. To biochemically study
peroxisomal remnants, the PNS fraction from CHO mutant cells was
centrifuged into a linear sucrose density gradient from 0.6 to 1.8 M in a Beckman SW 41 rotor at 35,000 rpm for 16 h at
4 °C. The gradient was collected into 23 fractions. Each fraction
was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting.
Other Methods--
For Northern blotting, RNA was isolated from
CHO cells and from the livers of a rat treated for 7 days with
clofibrate and an untreated rat as described (31). The RNA blot was
hybridized with full-length ClPEX5L labeled with
[ Expression of PEX5
We investigated the expression level of PEX5 mRNA
and Pex5p in rat liver and CHO cells.
Northern Blot Analysis--
Peroxisomal proteins are induced in
rat liver by administration of hypolipidemic agents such as clofibrate
(36, 37). A rat PEX5 mRNA band with an estimated size of
~3.3 kilobases was detected on a Northern blot of RNAs from normal
and clofibrate-treated rats and was apparently not induced by
clofibrate, where PEX5S and PEX5L RNAs were
indistinguishable in size (Fig.
1A, upper panel,
lanes 1 and 2). The ~3.5-kb mRNA for
acyl-CoA oxidase, a PTS1 protein, was elevated ~30-fold (middle
panel), a finding consistent with previous observations (20, 31,
37, 38). Thus, it is likely that Pex5p functions as a shuttling PTS1
receptor (see below) or in a catalytic manner, even under the
conditions in which peroxisomal matrix proteins are massively induced.
Alternatively, it is also plausible that the turnover rate of Pex5p is
drastically altered.
RT-PCR Analysis--
The expression level of PEX5
mRNA in rat liver was also verified by RT-PCR. RT-PCR of rat RNA
with a set of primers (sense primer 269S and antisense primer 834R)
designed specifically for ClPEX5L yielded a single DNA band
with an expected size from normal and clofibrate-treated rats obtained
using ClPEX5L cDNA as a control template (Fig.
1B, upper panel). By PCR with another set of
primers (269S and 1268R), giving the products from both
ClPEX5S and ClPEX5L, two types of PEX5
DNA, i.e. PEX5S and PEX5L, were
obtained from rat RNA, therefore indicating that both forms of
PEX5 are expressed in rat (Fig. 1B, lower
panel). Two DNA products were likewise produced with primers 494S
(nucleotide sequence at positions 494-510) and 1142R (data not shown),
confirming the expression of PEX5S and PEX5L
mRNAs in rat.
PCR of RNA from CHO-K1 cells with a set of primers (36S and 1253R)
yielded DNA of two different but expected sizes, indicating that both
of the PEX5 isoforms are expressed in CHO-K1 cells (Fig. 1C). The apparently larger product was more abundant than
the smaller, plausibly implying that PEX5L mRNA is
expressed at a higher level than PEX5S mRNA. The PCR
products from CG2 pex5 mutant ZP139-derived RNA and primers
131S and 1127R were likewise in two bands, one for PEX5L in
a greater amount than for PEX5S, whereas PCR of ZP105 RNA
using primers 66S and 1142R resulted in two products, more of the
shorter than the longer. These results are in good agreement with
findings by Northern blot analysis (11). Collectively, the two isoforms
of Pex5p (Fig. 1E) are indeed expressed in at least three
species of mammals, whereas only a single isoform is expressed in yeast.
Western Blot Analysis--
The level of Pex5p in CHO-K1
cells and pex5 (ZP105 and ZP139) was determined by
immunoblotting. Pex5p was detected in CHO-K1 cells and in a lesser
amount in ZP139, whereas Pex5p was under the detectable level in ZP105
cells (Fig. 1D), possibly due to rapidly degradation (see
below). Two bands, distinct in a prolonged SDS-PAGE and showing
migration with apparent masses of 78 and 80 kDa, larger than the
calculated values from the deduced amino acid sequences (11), were
noted in Pex5p from CHO-K1 cells, presumably representing two isoforms
of Pex5p. The lower mobility of Pex5p in SDS-PAGE was also noted for
human Pex5p (9, 10). Interestingly, Pex5pL showed a slightly greater
mobility compared with Pex5pS in SDS-PAGE (see below), consistent with
our earlier observation (20). The level of Pex5pL was higher than that
of Pex5pS in CHO-K1 and ZP139 cells, in good agreement with the results on mRNA levels obtained by RT-PCR described above.
Temperature-sensitive Phenotype of pex5 Mutant ZP105
To examine whether CG2 pex5 mutants show ts
complementation of peroxisome biogenesis found in other complementation
group cells such as PEX1-impaired CG1 patient fibroblasts
(29, 39), ZP105 and ZP139 were cultured for 3 days at 30 °C. ZP105
cells were morphologically restored for peroxisome assembly with
respect to the import of PTS1 and PTS2 proteins (Fig.
2A, panels c and f), showing apparently normal peroxisomes as in CHO-K1 cells
at 37 °C (panels a and d), whereas no punctate
staining was discernible at 37 °C (panels b and
e). It is noteworthy that import of catalase was not
restored in ZP105 after cell culture for 3 days at 30 °C (data not
shown). In contrast, no PTS1- and thiolase-positive peroxisomes were
found in ZP139, even at 30 °C (data not shown). Together, these data
strongly suggest that the cellular phenotype of
PEX5-defective ZP105 is ts.
Pex5p was hardly detectable in ZP105 when cultured for 3 days at
37 °C, whereas Pex5p was distinct in CHO-K1 cells (Fig.
2B, upper panel, lanes 1 and 2). After shifting to 30 °C, Pex5p was clearly
discernible at 3 days of culture, as much as in ZP139 cultured at both
temperatures (Fig. 2B, lanes 3-5). In normal mammalian cells, proteolytic conversion of the 75-kDa acyl-CoA oxidase
A component to 53-kDa B and 22-kDa C polypeptides occurs in peroxisomes
(35, 40), whereas in CHO cell mutants and PBD patient fibroblasts, the
conversion of acyl-CoA oxidase fails and is instead rapidly degraded
(31, 40, 41). The acyl-CoA oxidase A component was almost undetectable
in ZP105 at 37 °C (Fig. 2B, middle panel,
lane 2), presumably due to rapid degradation. The acyl-CoA
oxidase A and B components were evidently increased in ZP105 cells
after cell culturing for 3 days at 30 °C, indicating that the
conversion of acyl-CoA oxidase proceeded in ZP105, but apparently at a
slower rate compared with that in CHO-K1 cells (Fig. 2B,
lanes 1 and 3). In contrast, neither
the acyl-CoA oxidase A component nor its conversion was evident in
ZP139, even at 30 °C (lanes 4 and
5), despite the normal synthesis of acyl-CoA oxidase A (11),
therefore indicating a rather rapid degradation. Peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, a PTS2 protein, is synthesized as a 44-kDa larger precursor and processed to its mature protein in peroxisomes in
mammals (28, 31, 40, 41). In CHO-K1 cells, only the mature thiolase was
detected at 37 °C (Fig. 2B, lower panel,
lane 1), therefore demonstrating rapid processing
of the precursor form. In ZP105, only the larger precursor was found at
37 °C as in ZP139 at both temperatures (lanes
2, 4, and 5), implying the defect in
import and processing activity. When ZP105 was cultured for 3 days at
30 °C, the thiolase precursor was processed to its final size,
although less efficiently compared with CHO-K1 cells (lane
3), reflecting the complementation of the impaired thiolase biogenesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cell culturing at permissive temperature can complement the abnormality in
biogenesis of peroxisomal proteins in ZP105 cells, in good agreement
with the morphological findings described above. Furthermore, similar
but partial complementation of PTS2 import was seen at 37 °C in
ZP105 cells overexpressing ZP105-derived PEX5LG335E, but not
in those with its shorter form, PEX5SG298E, where nearly the
same amount of both forms of mutant Pex5p was detectable with mutually
distinct mobility in SDS-PAGE (Fig. 2C). This was
interpreted to indicate that the Pex5pL G335E mutant is biologically
active in PTS2 transport.
Binding of Pex5p to Peroxisomal Proteins
GST fusion proteins of both forms of wild-type Pex5p
(GST-Pex5pS and GST-Pex5pL) as well as those of two types of
mutant Pex5pL, one with the mutation G335E in TPR1 (GST-G335E) and the
other with G522E in TPR6 (GST-G522E), from pex5 ZP105 and
ZP139 (11), respectively, were expressed in E. coli. Fusion
protein was purified by affinity chromatography from E. coli
lysates using a glutathione-Sepharose column. Purity of the fusion
proteins was verified by SDS-PAGE (data not shown).
To investigate whether Pex5p interacts with other proteins, including
several peroxins, each type of GST-Pex5p fusion protein was incubated
with CHO-K1 cell lysates. Bound protein fractions were analyzed by
SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Acyl-CoA
oxidase, a PTS1 protein, apparently bound to both forms of wild-type
Pex5pS and Pex5pL and less efficiently to GST-G335E, but neither to
GST-G522E nor to GST (Fig.
3A). Acyl-CoA oxidase forms
oligomers comprising A2, ABC, and
B2C2 (42). It is noteworthy that all of the
three components (A, B, and C) of acyl-CoA oxidase were pulled down
with GST-Pex5p, although PTS1 locates at the C termini of the A and C
components. Thus, it is apparent that Pex5pS and Pex5pL recognize an
oligomeric acyl-CoA oxidase, whereas Pex5pL with the mutation G335E
weakly does, implicative of the ts phenotype of PTS1 import
in ZP105. Loss of PTS1 import in ZP105 (11) appears to be due to the
undetectable level of Pex5p described above. In contrast, the Pex5pL
G522E mutant is severely impaired in binding to PTS1 proteins,
consistent with a phenotype of ZP139 mutant cells (11). Furthermore,
catalase possessing a PTS1-like C-terminal sequence, KNAL (43, 44),
also bound to both forms of GST-Pex5p, but not to mutant Pex5pL (Fig.
3A), apparently reflecting no ts complementation
of catalase import (see above).
The Mammalian Peroxin Pex5pL, the Longer Isoform of the Mobile
Peroxisome Targeting Signal (PTS) Type 1 Transporter,
Translocates the Pex7p·PTS2 Protein Complex into Peroxisomes
via Its Initial Docking Site, Pex14p*
,,§,§,§,,,, and§¶
Department of Biology, Kyushu University
Graduate School of Science, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan and
§ Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology,
Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo 170-0013, Japan
ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-oxidation and the biosynthesis of plasmalogen-type glycerolipids (1). The functional significance of human
peroxisomes is highlighted by fatal human genetic diseases called
peroxisome biogenesis disorders
(PBDs)1 such as
Zellweger syndrome (2). Peroxisomes are formed by division of
preexisting peroxisomes after post-translational import of newly
synthesized proteins (3). In yeast, the endoplasmic reticulum has
recently been suggested to be involved in peroxisomal membrane
biogenesis (4). More than half of peroxisomal matrix proteins are
mediated by well characterized cis-acting peroxisome targeting signals: C-terminal SKL motif PTS1 and N-terminal cleavable presequence PTS2 (2). Genetic analyses of peroxisome-deficient mutants
of yeast and mammalian cells have led to the identification of a number
of protein factors, peroxins, essential for peroxisome biogenesis (2,
5-7). PEX5 and PEX7 encoding the receptors for
PTS1 and PTS2, respectively, have been identified both in yeast and
mammals, including humans (for review, see Ref. 8). Deficiency of Pex5p
causes PBDs of complementation group II (CG2) manifesting protein
import defects (9-11).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
MCSHyg·ClPEX5S and
pUcD2SRMCSHyg·ClPEX5L, respectively. All plasmid
constructs were assessed by nucleotide sequence analysis and used for transfection.
-globulin (158 kDa), ovalbumin
(44 kDa), and myoglobin (17 kDa) (Bio-Rad Japan). Rat liver cytosol was
isolated by centrifugation of the homogenates at 200,000 × g for 60 min in a Beckman Optima L-70K ultracentrifuge. The
cytosol was dialyzed against 50 mM Hepes-KOH, pH 7.4, and 0.15 M NaCl then analyzed by gel filtration. Each fraction
of the eluates was determined for Pex5p by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting.
-32P]dCTP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). In
vitro transcription/translation was done as described (35).
Antiserum to Pex5pS was raised in rabbits by conventional subcutaneous
injection of bacterially expressed and purified Chinese hamster Pex5pS.
Western blot analysis was done using electrophoretically transferred
samples on polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Bio-Rad) with primary
antibodies, including those raised against Pex5p, rat acyl-CoA oxidase
(28), rat catalase (28), human
Pex7p,3 Pex12p (31), Pex13p
(23), Pex14p (20), PMP70 (70-kDa major peroxisomal integral membrane
protein) from rat liver (28), and GFP
(CLONTECH), and a second antibody, donkey
anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Amersham
Pharmacia Biotech). Antigen-antibody complexes were visualized with ECL Western blotting detection reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1.
Expression levels of Pex5p in rat and CHO
cells. A, Northern blot analysis of liver RNA from
normal and clofibrate-treated rats. RNA was separated, transferred to
Zeta-Probe GT membrane (Bio-Rad), and hybridized with
32P-labeled cDNA probes for ClPEX5L
(upper panel) and rat acyl-CoA oxidase (AOx;
middle panel). Human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH; lower panel) cDNA was
used as a control probe to check the amount of RNA loaded. Washing was
done twice with 0.3 M NaCl, 30 mM sodium
citrate, and 0.5% SDS at 60 °C. Lanes 1 and
2, total RNAs (15 µg) from the livers of a normal
(NL) and a clofibrate-treated (CL) rat,
respectively. Exposure times were as follows: upper panel,
24 h; middle panel, 28 h; and lower
panel, 24 h. kb, kilobases. B,
expression level of PEX5 mRNA. RT-PCR was done using, as
templates, ClPEX5S (lane 1) and
ClPEX5L (lane 2) cDNAs and total RNAs from
the livers of normal (lane 3) and clofibrate-treated
(lane 4) rats. PCR products were obtained with a set of
primers: a forward primer (269S) and a reverse primer (834R) specific
for ClPEX5L (upper panel) or primers 269S and
1268R for both ClPEX5S and ClPEX5L (lower
panel). C, RT-PCR of RNA derived from wild-type and CG2
pex5 mutant CHO cells. Cell types are designated at the top.
PCR was done with total RNA from each type of cell and a set of
primers: sense primer 36S and reverse primer 1253R for CHO-K1; primers
66S and 1142R for ZP105; and primers 131S and 1127R for ZP139.
Open and closed arrowheads indicate the PCR
products corresponding to PEX5S and PEX5L,
respectively, in each cell type. D, expression levels of
Pex5p in wild-type and pex5 mutant CHO cells determined by
immunoblotting using anti-Pex5p antibody. Cell lysates (5 × 105) were loaded in each lane; cell types are indicated at
the top. To better separate Pex5pS and Pex5pL, prolonged SDS-PAGE was
done. A part covering the molecular masses from 60 to 120 kDa was
shown; the positions of molecular mass markers are on the left.
E, schematic representation of Pex5pL and Pex5pS and
mutation sites (G335E in ZP105 and G522E in ZP139). 215/216,
insertion site of a 37-amino acid (a.a.) sequence.
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Fig. 2.
Temperature-sensitive peroxisome assembly in
pex5 mutant ZP105. A,
immunofluorescence staining of wild-type CHO-K1 and pex5
mutant ZP105 cells. Cells were cultured for 3 days at 37 °C
(panels a, b, d, and e) or
30 °C (panels c and f) and then stained with
antibodies to PTS1 (panels a-c) and rat 3-ketoacyl-CoA
thiolase (panels d-f). Magnification × 630;
bar = 20 µm. B, biogenesis of peroxisomal
proteins. CHO-K1 and pex5 mutant (ZP105 and ZP139) cells
(5 × 105 each) were cultured for 3 days at 37 °C
(lanes 1, 2, and 4) or
30 °C (lanes 3 and 5). Cell lysates
were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene
difluoride membrane. Immunoblot analysis was performed using rabbit
antibodies to Pex5p (upper panel), rat acyl-CoA oxidase
(middle panel), and thiolase (lower panel). Cell
types are indicated at the top. Arrowheads A-C designate
acyl-CoA oxidase components. pTH and mTH stand
for a larger precursor and mature protein of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase,
respectively. C, back-transfection to ZP105 cells. The
longer mutant isoform PEX5LG335E and the shorter mutant
isoform PEX5SG298E, both derived from ZP105, were separately
transfected into ZP105 cells. Cells (3 × 105 each)
were verified for the expression of Pex5p by immunoblotting
(upper panel) as well as for PTS2 import by immunostaining
with anti-thiolase antibody (lower panel). Note that
peroxisomal localization of PTS2 protein is evident in
PEX5G335E-transfected cells (panel b).
Magnification × 630; bar = 20 µm.
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Fig. 3.
Binding of Pex5p to PTS1-related proteins and
potential Pex5p-interacting peroxins. A, an in
vitro binding assay was performed using two isoforms of Pex5p from
wild-type and pex5 mutant (ZP105 and ZP139) CHO cells. GST
GST-Pex5pS and GST-Pex5pL fusion proteins were separately incubated
with CHO-K1 cell lysates (5 × 107 cells). GST-G335E
and GST-G522E, representing GST-Pex5pL with site mutations at G335E and
G522E from ZP105 and ZP139, respectively, were also used. After
thorough washing, proteins bound to glutathione-Sepharose were analyzed
by SDS-PAGE. Acyl-CoA oxidase (AOx), Pex13p, Pex14p, and
catalase were probed with antibodies to the respective proteins.
B, an in vitro binding assay was carried out as
for A by incubating GST and GST-Pex5p fusion protein with
PEX13-deficient ZP128 and PEX14-defective ZP161
cell lysates (5 × 107 each). Pex13p, Pex14p, and
Pex12p were detected by immunoblotting. C, Pex5p does not
mediate the interaction of Pex14p with Pex13p. GST and GST-Pex14p were
separately incubated with CHO-K1 and Pex5p-deficient ZP105 cell
lysates. Bound protein fractions were probed with anti-Pex13p
antibody.
Pex13p as well as Pex14p interacted with GST-Pex5pS, GST-Pex5pL, and both Pex5pL mutants, but not with GST, suggesting that both forms of wild-type Pex5p and ZP105- and ZP139-derived Pex5pL function in binding to Pex14p and Pex13p (Fig. 3A). PMP70, a major peroxisomal integral membrane protein, bound to none of the GST-Pex5p fusion proteins (data not shown), implying that the interaction observed above was specific. To address whether interaction of Pex5p with Pex14p requires Pex13p or vice versa, we used, in this binding assay, the cell lysates of PEX13-defective CHO mutant ZP128 (23) and PEX14-deficient ZP161 (20). Pex14p bound to GST-Pex5pS and GST-Pex5pL in the absence of Pex13p, and so did Pex13p in the absence of Pex14p (Fig. 3B). These results were interpreted to mean that Pex13p and Pex14p bind to Pex5p in an independent manner, although it is not clear whether the Pex13p-Pex5p interaction is direct or indirect. Pex12p from both cell mutants was also detected in the fractions bound to Pex5pS and Pex5pL (Fig. 3B).
Moreover, we investigated, using a similar assay, whether Pex14p interacts with Pex13p. Pex13p, in CHO-K1 cell lysates, bound to GST-Pex14p (Fig. 3C, lane 2). In ZP105 cell lysates in which Pex5p was at an undetectable level (see Figs. 1D and 2B), Pex13p was detected in a GST-Pex14p-bound form (Fig. 3C, lane 4). Such an interaction was not seen using GST (lanes 1 and 3), therefore suggesting the binding to be specific. Together, Pex13p binds directly or indirectly to Pex14p, and Pex5p does not appear to be required for the Pex13p-Pex14p interaction. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that residual Pex5p present in ZP105, if any, may be involved in such an interaction.
Oligomerization of Pex5p
To study whether Pex5pS and Pex5pL interact with themselves and/or
each other, C-terminally HA-tagged Pex5pL and Pex5pS that had been
expressed in Pex5p-deficient ZP105 cells were incubated with cell-free
synthesized 35S-labeled Pex5pS and Pex5pL and were then
immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody. 35S-Labeled
Pex5pS and Pex5pL were recovered in the immunoprecipitates of Pex5pL-HA
(Fig. 4A, lanes
4 and 6), suggesting that both forms of Pex5p
interact with Pex5pL. Nearly the same level of 35S-labeled
Pex5pS and Pex5pL associated with Pex5pL, suggesting the similar
affinity in the homomeric and heteromeric interaction. 35S-Labeled Pex5pL and Pex5pS were likewise
co-immunoprecipitated with Pex5pS-HA (lanes 5 and
7), confirming the findings using Pex5pL-HA. In contrast,
neither Pex5pS-HA nor 35S-labeled Pex5pS was discernible in
the immunoprecipitate fraction from mock-transfected ZP105 (lane
3), indicating that the reactions noted above were specific.
Similar results were likewise obtained from lysates of CHO-K1 cells
expressing Pex5pL-HA or Pex5pS-HA (data not shown). Taken together, it
is most likely that Pex5pS and Pex5pL form homomeric as well as
heteromeric oligomers.
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Chinese hamster Pex5pS purified from GST fusion protein expressed in E. coli was estimated in size by the gel filtration method (Fig. 4B). Pex5pS was eluted in a nearly single protein peak with an estimated molecular mass of ~120 kDa as assessed by absorbance at 280 nm as well as by immunoblotting, which was similar to the size of a dimeric form of the 66-kDa monomer (11). Moreover, the elution profile of Pex5p in gel filtration of rat liver cytosol, as verified by immunoblotting, was nearly the same as that of purified recombinant Chinese hamster Pex5pS, strongly suggesting that Pex5p, presumably including Pex5pL, forms a dimer (Fig. 4B, lower panel).
Pex5pL Interacts with Pex7p
From the studies of the phenotype of pex5 ZP105, we
earlier suggested that Pex5pL is likely to be involved in PTS2
transport (11). We examined here whether Pex5p interacts with the PTS2 receptor Pex7p by the same approach described for Fig. 3. The fractions
of CHO-K1 cell lysates bound to various GST-Pex5p fusion proteins were
probed with rabbit anti-Pex7p antibody. Pex7p was in fractions bound to
GST-Pex5pL, GST-G335E, and GST-G522E, but not to GST and GST-Pex5pS
(Fig. 5A, lanes
5-9). The binding assay was performed with
35S-labeled Pex7p synthesized in vitro.
35S-Labeled Pex7p was detected after incubation only with
GST-Pex5pL, strongly suggesting a direct interaction of Pex5pL with
Pex7p, whereas 35S-labeled Pex7p was found nearly at the
background level with GST and GST-Pex5pS (lanes
1-4).
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Pex7p was expressed at a rather low level in normal CHO-K1 and mutant cells (data not shown). To assess the Pex5p-Pex7p interaction in vivo, we used 207P7 cells (Table I), stable human PEX7 transfectants of pex7 mutant ZPG207 (30) expressing a higher level of Pex7p. Immunoprecipitation of HA-tagged Pex5pS and Pex5pL, each ectopically expressed in 207P7 cells, was done. Pex7p was detected only with Pex5pL-HA, but neither with Pex5pS-HA nor in mock-transfected cells (Fig. 5B), strongly suggesting that Pex5pL binds to Pex7p in vivo. The apparent failure of the co-immunoprecipitation of Pex7p using Pex5pS-HA can be explained. Pex7p expected, if any, in the immunoprecipitate with endogenous Pex5pL that had been bound to Pex5pS-HA is likely to be under the detectable level compared with that co-immunoprecipitated with overexpressed Pex5pL-HA. Collectively, only Pex5pL from the wild-type cells as well as from pex5 mutants ZP105 and ZP139 functions in direct binding to Pex7p, and the mutation G335E or G522E does not affect such an interaction.
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Pex5pL Mediates Binding of Pex7p·PTS2 to Pex14p
To elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which Pex5pL functions
in PTS2 protein transport, an in vitro binding assay was performed with the GST fusion proteins of Pex5pL and Pex5pS,
35S-labeled Pex7p, and [35S]thiolase.
35S-Labeled Pex7p and [35S]thiolase
were detected in the fraction bound to GST-Pex5pL, whereas no
35S band was associated with GST-Pex5pS (Fig.
6A).
[35S]Thiolase bound to neither GST-Pex5pL nor GST-Pex5pS
(data not shown). A similar pull-down assay was performed using lysates from 207P7 cells (human PEX7 transfectants of
pex7 ZPG207) expressing PTS2-GFP. Pex7p was detected
together with PTS2-GFP using GST-Pex5pL, whereas no protein was
discernible in the case of GST and GST-Pex5pS (Fig. 6B).
Therefore, it is apparent that Pex5pL (but not Pex5pS) interacts with
PTS2 protein in a Pex7p-mediated manner.
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In wild-type CHO-K1 cells, unprocessed PTS2 proteins, including the peroxisomal thiolase precursor, are hardly detectable because the PTS2 signal is cleaved off in peroxisomes. Therefore, to verify in vivo the in vitro findings described above, we used CHO cell mutants in which PTS2 proteins are rather stably present at detectable levels. Pex5pS-HA and Pex5pL-HA were separately expressed in a pex14 mutant, ZP161 (20), which is deficient in the Pex5p-docking membrane peroxin Pex14p, and then immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody. Pex7p and the thiolase precursor were concomitantly obtained only in the immunoprecipitates of Pex5pL, but not in those of Pex5pS or mock-transfected cells (Fig. 6C, first through third lanes). The same type of immunocomplex comprising Pex5pL·Pex7p·PTS2 protein was also obtained from a pex13 mutant (ZP128) expressing Pex5pL-HA (lane 4). Taken together, the interaction among Pex5pL, Pex7p, and PTS2 protein apparently requires neither Pex14p nor Pex13p, both peroxisomal integral membrane proteins. Therefore, it is more likely that the Pex5pL·Pex7p·PTS2 complex is formed in the cytoplasm.
The in vitro pull-down assay was also done with GST-Pex14p, Pex5p, 35S-labeled Pex7p, and [35S]thiolase. GST-Pex14p (but not GST) bound to 35S-labeled Pex7p and [35S]thiolase (Fig. 6D, left panel, lanes 3 and 4), possibly in a Pex7p-mediated manner, as in our earlier observation using His-tagged Pex7p (20). When this binding assay was done in the presence of Pex5pS, the pull-downed 35S-labeled Pex7p and [35S]thiolase were slightly reduced in amount (lane 5) compared with those in the absence of Pex5pS. In contrast, [35S]thiolase strikingly increased upon addition of Pex5pL, therefore suggesting that Pex5pL is involved in the binding of PTS2 protein to Pex14p (lane 6). Nearly the same level of Pex5pL as well as Pex5pS bound to Pex14p as assessed by immunoblotting using anti-Pex5p antibody (lower panel, lanes 5 and 6), where a greater migration of Pex5pL in comparison with Pex5pS was reproducibly noted as in Fig. 1D. Interestingly, a relatively lower level of 35S-labeled Pex7p was discernible in the presence of Pex5pS or Pex5pL (lanes 5 and 6), although we do not know its implication at present. A specific increase in binding of [35S]thiolase was determined by quantitation of the autoradiogram and was represented as the ratio to Pex7p bound to GST-Pex14p (right panel). A 7-fold increase was noted in the presence of Pex5pL as compared with that with only Pex7p. From several lines of evidence, including the direct interaction of Pex5pL with Pex7p (Fig. 5) and no direct binding of Pex5pL to PTS2 protein (this study and Ref. 20), it is more likely that Pex7p mediates the interaction of Pex5pL with PTS2 protein, where Pex5pL also binds to Pex14p. It is also plausible that Pex5pL enhances the binding of Pex7p to PTS2. Together, the data evidently demonstrate that Pex5pL mediates the binding of Pex7p·PTS2 protein to Pex14p, inferring that Pex5pL mediates the import of PTS2 proteins into peroxisomes.
Pex5pL Translocates Pex7p into Peroxisomes
Pex7p was morphologically detectable only in 207P7 cells, whereas
it was under a detectable level in all of the other cell types
investigated so far, including wild-type CHO-K1
cells.4 To examine whether
intracellular localization of Pex7p is altered by a higher level of
Pex5p expression, we transfected PEX5L-HA as well as
PEX5S-HA into 207P7 cells. Pex7p appeared in punctate as
well as cytoplasmically diffused staining patterns in Pex5pL-expressing 207P7 cells (Fig. 7A,
panel c), whereas it was discernible only in the cytosol in
PEX5S-transfected cells as in mock-transfected cells
(panels b and a). Expression of Pex5pS and Pex5pL
was at the same level in transfected 207P7 cells and did not affect the protein level of Pex7p (Fig. 7B). Although PTS2-GFP was
located in peroxisomes in Pex5pS-expressing as well as untransfected
cells (Fig. 7A, panels d and e),
expression of Pex5pL strikingly enhanced the intensity of GFP-positive
peroxisomes in a superimposable manner with Pex7p-positive punctates
(panels c and f, insets; and
panels g and h). The results were interpreted to
mean that only Pex5pL binds to Pex7p·PTS2 and translocates them into
peroxisomes. Thus, it is more likely that Pex5pL is required for
peroxisome targeting of the Pex7p·PTS2 protein complex.
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Intracellular Localization of Pex5p
Morphological Analysis--
The intracellular localization of
Pex5p was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy of CHO cells. In
CHO-K1 cells, Pex5p was seen mostly in the cytosol in a diffused
staining pattern with anti-Pex5p antibody (Fig.
8A, panel a). A
similar localization of Pex5p was observed in a pex14
mutant, ZP161 (20) (panel b). In contrast,
pex5 ZP105 cells were not stained with anti-Pex5p antibody
(data not shown), consistent with an undetectable level of Pex5p
expression (Fig. 1D). Strikingly, Pex5p was found mostly in
particulates in PEX2-defective Z65 cells (38, 45) that had
been transfected with FLAG-PEX12 (31) (Fig. 8A,
panel c). The Pex5p-positive particulate structures were
superimposable with FLAG-positive particles, strongly suggesting that
Pex5p is located in peroxisomal remnants or "ghosts" (40)
(panel d). Pex5p and FLAG-Pex12p were stainable in
pex2 Z65 cells treated with 25 µg/ml digitonin, under
which conditions only plasma membranes are permeabilized. Treatment of
the cells with 1% Triton X-100 gave essentially the same staining
pattern (data not shown). This result was interpreted to mean that
Pex5p is localized on or in the membrane of the peroxisomal remnants
where antibody is accessible (panel c and d).
Similar punctate staining of Pex5p was discerned in
PEX12-defective ZP109 (31) and PEX13-impaired
ZP128 when treated with not only Triton X-100 (panels
e and g), but also digitonin (panels
f and h). However, Pex5p was not seen in a
punctate staining pattern in ZP139 expressing both Pex5pS-G485E and
Pex5pL-G522E and PEX7-defective ZPG207 (data not shown).
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Subcellular Fractionation-- The intracellular localization of Pex5p was determined also by subcellular fractionation of CHO cells. Pex5p was found by immunoblotting mostly in the cytosolic fraction and a little in organelle pellets when the PNS fraction of CHO-K1 cells was fractionated (Fig. 8B, lanes 1 and 2). In contrast, Pex5p was hardly detectable in fractions from ZP105, suggesting a degradation of Pex5p in cell culture at 37 °C (lanes 3 and 4), consistent with the results using total cell lysate (Figs. 1D and 2B). PMP70 was recovered exclusively in the membrane fractions of CHO-K1 and CHO cell mutants such as pex5 ZP105 and ZP139 and pex2 Z65, whereas catalase was largely in organelle pellets of CHO-K1, obviously in peroxisomes, and in the cytosolic fraction of the cell mutants, all consistent with our earlier morphological and biochemical findings (11, 28). Accordingly, these results confirmed the adequate separation of cytosolic and membrane fractions. In the same CG2 pex5 mutant (ZP139), Pex5p was at a lower level regarding the total amount compared with that in CHO-K1 cells, mostly in the cytosolic fraction and less in the membrane fraction (Fig. 8B, lanes 5 and 6). In contrast, a larger amount of Pex5p was found in pex2 Z65, pex13 ZP128, and pex12 ZP109, almost equally in both cytosolic and particulate fractions (lanes 7-10, 15, and 16). The localization of Pex5p in membrane fractions, including that in Z65, ZP109, and ZP128, was in good agreement with the findings by morphological analysis described above (Fig. 8A). In Pex14p-deficient ZP161 and PEX7-impaired ZPG207 (30), Pex5p was mostly in the cytosol, as in CHO-K1 cells (Fig. 8B, lanes 11-14).
To confirm the findings described above with respect to the intracellular location of Pex5p, PNS fractions from CHO-K1, Z65, ZP128, and ZP161 cells were fractionated by isopycnic sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. In CHO-K1 cells, Pex5p was nearly at the top of the gradient, and a small amount of Pex5p cosedimented with Pex14p, indicative of localization in peroxisomes (Fig. 8C). In Pex2p-defective Z65 (38), Pex5p was discernible nearly from the top to the middle of the gradient, where Pex14p representing peroxisomal remnants (20) sedimented to the middle. This was consistent with the recovery of more than half of Pex5p in the membrane fraction of Z65 (Fig. 8B, lanes 7 and 8). Similar sedimentation of Pex5p in the gradient was seen in the case of Pex13p-defective ZP128. Contrary to these two mutants, in Pex14p-deficient ZP161, most of Pex5p remained nearly at the top, whereas PMP70, a marker membrane protein for peroxisomal ghosts, was in the middle of the gradient. Collectively, Pex5p is localized in the peroxisomal remnants in pex2 and pex13 mutants (Z65 and ZP128, respectively), whereas Pex5p is mostly in soluble fractions in pex14 ZP161, as in CHO-K1 cells. Thus, it is conceivable that Pex14p is required for targeting of Pex5p to peroxisomes.
Moreover, Pex5p found in the organellar fraction of Z65 was moderately resistant to treatment with exogenously added proteinase K, and part of membrane-associated Pex5p in Pex13p-deficient ZP128 was also resistant, under which conditions cytosolic Pex5p in both mutants was completely digested (Fig. 8D). However, Pex5p (in a rather smaller amount) in the membrane fractions of CHO-K1 and ZP161 cells was fully sensitive to proteinase K treatment. These results were interpreted to mean that the protease-resistant form of Pex5p is in the membrane of and/or inside the peroxisomal remnants in Z65 and ZP128, presumably representing the Pex5p stuck in the putative import machinery. The higher protease resistance, apparently indicative of being more deeply buried, of Pex5p in Pex2p-defective cells also implies that Pex2p functions as a component of the import machinery, downstream of Pex13p. It is possible that Pex5p partly localizes on the surface of peroxisomes in CHO-K1 cells and on the peroxisomal ghosts in ZP161 lacking Pex14p. Conceivably, Pex5p that was found accessible to the anti-Pex5p antibody after permeabilization of cell membranes with digitonin (Fig. 8A) may represent protease-sensitive Pex5p.
Accumulation of Pex5p in Pex14p Affects PTS1 and PTS2 Import
To search for a potential docking site of the apparently mobile
receptor Pex5p, we took an approach to address whether overexpression of putative anchoring factors such as Pex14p causes a distinct change
in the morphological phenotype of Pex5p. PEX14-myc encoding C-terminally Myc-tagged rat Pex14p and active in restoring peroxisomes in PEX14-impaired CHO mutants (20) was expressed under a
strong promoter, SR, in CHO-K1 cells. In Pex14p-Myc-expressing
cells, the level of Pex14p-Myc was ~10-fold higher than that of
endogenous Pex14p as assessed by immunoblotting (data not shown). Pex5p
apparently accumulated in peroxisomal membranes, as seen in
pex2 Z65, pex12 ZP109, and pex13 ZP128
(see above), with which Pex14p-Myc was co-localized as assessed by
immunostaining after digitonin treatment of cells (Fig.
9A, panels a and
b). Strikingly, in Pex14p-Myc-positive cells, both PTS1
proteins and PTS2 thiolase were not in punctate structures, but mostly
rather diffused in the cytosol (panels c-f), therefore
demonstrating that import of PTS1 and PTS2, but not peroxisomal
membrane proteins, was affected by overexpression of Pex14p and
concomitant accumulation of Pex5p. A larger excess of Pex14p may also
lead to an unbalanced assembly of a putative import machinery. In
contrast, we found in CHO-K1 cells that nearly a 10-fold overexpression
of FLAG-tagged Chinese hamster Pex13p relative to endogenous Pex13p
caused no apparent accumulation of Pex5p, resulting in normal import of
PTS1 proteins and PTS2 (Fig. 9B). Likewise, the
intracellular location of Pex5p and import of PTS1 and PTS2 proteins
were not affected in CHO-K1 cells overexpressing FLAG-tagged Pex10p or
Pex12p (data not shown). Taken together, it is very likely that Pex5p
binds to Pex14p at the first step in the import process of matrix
polypeptides, including PTS1 and PTS2 proteins, into peroxisomes.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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In addition to a defect in PTS1 transport, the typical phenotype of mammalian and yeast pex5 mutants, the impaired PTS2 import in pex5 mutants of mammals (including fibroblasts from a CG2 Zellweger syndrome patient), and its restoration by Pex5pL are the novel findings (11, 12). As a step toward addressing this issue, we recently demonstrated that Pex14p binds both isoforms of Pex5p (Pex5pS and Pex5pL) and, with their cargo, PTS1 protein as well as Pex7p with PTS2 protein (20). In the present work, we showed that both Pex5pS and Pex5pL, in a homomeric and/or heteromeric dimer, bind to PTS1 proteins. More strikingly, studies in vivo as well as in vitro demonstrated that Pex5pL interacts with PTS2 protein in a Pex7p-mediated manner, with a concomitant increase in PTS2 protein bound per Pex7p, implying the dual function of Pex5p in mammals, i.e. transport of both PTS1 and PTS2 proteins. Pex5pL directly binds to Pex7p, whereby a Pex5pL homodimer or a heterodimeric form with Pex5pS transports the PTS2 proteins. In contrast, in yeast, an indirect interaction of Pex5p with Pex7p, apparently requiring Pex14p, was found (46).
The intracellular location of Pex7p is still under debate, particularly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, arguing that Pex7p is mostly in the cytosol (47) or is intraperoxisomal (48). In human cells, overexpression of human Pex7p resulted in its localization exclusively in the cytosol (49). In the present work, we also observed such an intracellular location of Pex7p in 207P7 cells, stable human PEX7 transfectants of a PTS2-GFP-transformed CHO pex7 mutant, ZPG207 (Fig. 7A). To elucidate the physiological consequence of the interaction between Pex5pL and Pex7p, we investigated whether Pex5pL affects the intracellular localization of Pex7p. The higher level of Pex5pL expression gave rise to peroxisomal accumulation of Pex7p and enhanced PTS2-GFP import in 207P7 cells, evidently demonstrating that Pex5pL functions in the transport of the Pex7p·PTS2 complex. It is noteworthy that structurally and functionally homologous peroxins, S. cerevisiae Pex18p and Pex21p, were recently isolated as factors required for targeting of Pex7p and PTS2 to peroxisomes (50). It is tempting to speculate that Pex5pL functions like these peroxins in the transport of Pex7p and PTS2. It is also possible that the orthologues of yeast Pex18p and Pex21p may exist in mammals.
The ZP105-type mutation G335E in TPR1 reduces the activity of Pex5pL in recognizing PTS1, whereas ZP139-derived Pex5pL with the mutation G522E in TPR6 is incapable of binding PTS1. However, both Pex5pL mutants are indistinguishable from wild-type Pex5pL in binding to Pex7p. These findings can explain the ZP139-type phenotype showing the defect in import of PTS1, but not PTS2 (11). A similar phenotype was noted in fibroblasts from a CG2 patient with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy with the missense mutation N489K in Pex5pS (N526K in Pex5pL) (9, 12). The undetectable level of Pex5p in ZP105 owing to its degradation apparently reflects the phenotype, an impaired import of both PTS1 and PTS2. It is noteworthy that PEX5 mRNA with an intragenic termination codon (R390Ter) was under the detectable level in a CG2 Zellweger syndrome patient manifesting PTS1 and PTS2 import defects (12). Pex5pL-G335E is active in vivo as well in interacting with the Pex7p·PTS2 complex, as witnessed in complementation of PTS2 import in ZP105 in a ts manner and by its overexpression. Given the fact that import of both PTS1 and PTS2 is affected in ZP105 cells presumably possessing functional Pex7p and Pex14p, one of the two potential translocation pathways, namely Pex14p-Pex5pL-Pex7p-PTS2 protein, is likely to be mainly utilized for PTS2 import in vivo, rather than the import route of Pex14p-Pex7p-PTS2 protein. It is of interest to note that Pex5p is also extensively reduced in PEX1- and PEX6-deficient patient fibroblasts (51) and CHO cell mutants,5 although the relationship of Pex1p and Pex6p of the ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA) protein family to Pex5p has not been elucidated.
With respect to the oligomerization of Pex5p, our observation that Pex5pS and Pex5pL form a homomeric as well as a heteromeric dimer is not compatible with the recent finding describing a homotetramer of recombinant His6-tagged human Pex5pL and Pex5pS (52). In the size estimation by the gel filtration method, 1) we used Chinese hamster Pex5pS purified from bacterially expressed GST fusion protein; 2) we incubated Pex5p at pH 7.4 rather than pH 8.0 (52); and 3) in addition to recombinant protein, we also used the cytosol from rat liver. The data obtained led us to conclude that Pex5p forms a dimer. In the present study, homomeric and heteromeric type association of Pex5p was verified in vitro using cell-free synthesized Chinese hamster 35S-labeled Pex5p and HA-tagged Pex5p expressed in wild-type CHO cells or the pex5 mutant. Furthermore, in pex5 mutant ZP139 deficient in PTS1 import but PTS2 import-competent (11), even expression of Pex5pS enhanced peroxisomal localization of PTS2 protein (thiolase), presumably by fully using endogenous Pex5pL-G522E (data not shown). Therefore, it is conceivable that Pex5p forms not only a homomeric dimer, but also a heteromeric form, whereby only the dimers including Pex5pL play a role in PTS2 transport. It is less likely, however, that Pex5p forms different types of oligomers between the mammalian species, Chinese hamster and rat versus humans. The discrepancy between homo/heterodimers of Pex5p and a homotetramer, independently concluded by two groups of investigators (this work; 52), remains to be addressed. In either event, the oligomerization of Pex5p may also accommodate an import receptor adaptive from a normal level to highly induced state, such as that by potent peroxisome proliferators (Fig. 1A) of peroxisomal proteins. The dimeric form of recombinant Pex5pS indeed shows a higher affinity for acyl-CoA oxidase as acyl-CoA oxidase concentration increases.6
Pex5p is located mostly in the cytosol in normal CHO cells and PEX7-impaired ZPG207 (30), both expressing functional Pex5p and Pex14p. In contrast, Pex5p accumulates in peroxisomal remnants in CHO mutants, pex2 Z65 (38), pex12 ZP109 (31, 53), and pex13 ZP128 (23), possibly caused by interference in shuttling between the cytosol and peroxisomes. Such abnormal localization of Pex5pS and Pex5pL apparently reflects the phe
