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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 30, 22623-22626, July 28, 2000

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ACCELERATED PUBLICATION
Requirement of Seminolipid in Spermatogenesis Revealed by UDP-galactose:Ceramide Galactosyltransferase-deficient Mice^*

Hirokazu Fujimoto^§, Keiko Tadano-Aritomi^¶, Ako Tokumasu, Kaoru Ito, Toshiyuki Hikita^¶, Kunihiko Suzuki, and Ineo Ishizuka^¶

From the  Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan, the ^¶ Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan, and the  Neuroscience Center, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7250

Received for publication, March 26, 2000, and in revised form, April 27, 2000

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Although seminolipid has long been suspected to play an essential role in spermatogenesis because of its uniquely abundant and temporally regulated expression in the spermatocytes, direct experimental evidence has been lacking. We have tested the hypothesis by examining the testis of the UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase-deficient mouse, which is incapable of synthesizing seminolipid. Spermatogenesis in homozygous affected males is arrested at the late pachytene stage and the spermatogenic cells degenerate through the apoptotic process. This stage closely follows the phase of rapid seminolipid synthesis in the wild-type mouse. These observations not only provide the first experimental evidence that seminolipid is indeed essential for normal spermatogenesis but also support the broader concept that cell surface glycolipids are important in cellular differentiation and cell-to-cell interaction.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Seminolipid (3-sulfogalactosyl-1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol) is the principal glycolipid in spermatozoa of mammals comprising, for example, approximately 3% of total lipids and more than 90% of total glycolipids in boar spermatozoa (1-3). During spermatogenesis, seminolipid is synthesized rapidly in the early phase of spermatocyte development and maintained in subsequent germ cell stages (4-6). This developmentally regulated rapid synthesis suggested a specific and possibly essential function of seminolipid in spermatogenesis (7) but experimental evidence has been lacking. Firm evidence in support of the speculation would have important bearing to the general concept that cell surface glycoconjugates are important in cellular differentiation, and cell-to-cell interaction (8).

Seminolipid is synthesized by sulfation of its precursor, galactosylalkylacylglycerol (GalEAG)¹. GalEAG is synthesized by UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT, EC 2.4.1.62), which, besides GalEAG, also synthesizes the major myelin galactolipid, galactosylceramide (GalCer), galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), and galactosyldiacylglycerol (GalAAG) (9, 10). The CGT-deficient mice recently generated by gene-targeting do not synthesize any of these products and subsequent derivatives of the products (11-14). Thus, the CGT-deficient mouse is an ideal experimental model to examine the consequences of lack of seminolipid to spermatogenesis. This report describes the first definitive evidence that deficient seminolipid biosynthesis indeed causes devastating disruption of the normal spermatogenetic process.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Mice-- The mice heterozygous for the disrupted Cgt gene (11) were originally supplied by Dr. B. Popko and maintained by backcrossing to C57BL/6N. Genotype was determined according to Coetzee et al. (11). WBB6F1 Kit^W/W-v and WBB6F1 Mgf ^Sl/Sl-d mutant mice were purchased from Japan SLC, Inc., and C57BL/6N inbred mice were purchased from CLEA Japan, Inc.

Isolation of Testicular Germ Cells-- Testicular germ cells were isolated from decapsulated testes of sexually mature male C57BL/6N mice (15).

RT-PCR Analysis-- RNA was extracted using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen) or the TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.). RNA samples were amplified using the Access RT-PCR system (Promega). For amplification of each transcript, the following primer sets were used: Cgt, 5'-taatcactacagcctccagcg-3' and 5'-atgttcctgagcaccacttacc-3'; Dmc1, 5'-ttcgtactggaaaaactcagctgtatc-3' and 5'-cttggctgcgacataatcaagtagctcc-3'; Sycp3, 5'-ggtggaagaaagcattctgg-3' and 5'-cagctccaaatttttccagc-3'; Hsp70-2, 5'-cagacgcagaccttcactac-3' and 5'-ttttgtcctgctcgctaatc-3'; Clgn, 5'-atatgcgtttccagggtgttggac-3' and 5'-gtatgcacctccacaatcaatacc-3'; HoxA4, 5'-tgagcgctctcgaaccgcctatacc-3' and 5'-gatggtggtgtgggctgtgagtttg-3'; H1f3, 5'-gcccccactaccccatca-3' and 5'-tttcttgcccttgcccttgt-3'; Sprm-1, 5'-gctccattttgatttcccccacta-3' and 5'-ccccaagcttctgtaaaccactcc-3'; Ccna1, 5'-gctaatcgcccagacagagaagaa-3' and 5'-ccccatggtcagagagcactttc-3'; Crem, 5'-gattgaagaagaaaaatcaga-3' and 5'-catgctgtaatcagttcatag-3'; Hsc70t, 5'-tccaaactggatcgaaggc-3' and 5'-agatctcctctgggtagaaggc-3'; Hprt, 5'-cctgctggattacattaaagcactg-3' and 5'-gtcaagggcatatccaacaacaaac-3'.

Histological Analysis-- Testes were dissected and fixed in Bouin's solution overnight. After dehydration, tissues were embedded in paraffin, and 6-µm sections were stained for the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction followed by hematoxylin staining. In situ labeling of apoptotic cells was performed on the tissue sections prepared in the same way using the MEBSTAIN Apoptosis kit II (Medical & Biological Laboratory), according to the manufacturer's protocol except that the Vectastain elite ABC kit (Vector) was used for the detection system.

Lipid Extraction and Analysis-- The total lipid extract (16) was analyzed by two-dimensional TLC using the solvent systems, chloroform/methanol/water (60:35:8, by volume) containing 0.2% CaCl₂ (first direction) and chloroform/methanol/acetone/acetic acid/water (8:2:4:2:1, by volume) (second direction). To differentiate GalCer and GlcCer, the solvent for second direction was replaced by chloroform/methanol/(CH₃O)₃B (50:20:1) (17). The bands were visualized by orcinol (for hexose-containing lipids) or azure A (for sulfolipids) (17) reagent and determined by densitometry. Each lipid on the plate was transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane by TLC blotting (18) and identified by negative-ion liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) (19). After the total lipid extracts were chromatographed on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 (3), fractions containing seminolipid or cholesterol 3-sulfate were pooled, and the concentration was determined as inorganic sulfate released by acid hydrolysis using ion chromatography.²

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Anatomical Defects in Reproductive Organs of CGT-deficient Male Mice-- Homozygous affected male mice develop severe clinical phenotype early, and thus, it was impossible to ascertain clinically if they were fertile. Anatomically, however, the testis was dramatically impaired in Cgt^/ male mice. The average testis weight of Cgt^/ mice (24.9 ± 1.7 mg; n = 8) was only one-fourth of that of wild-type littermates (97.3 ± 3.5 mg; n = 6) at 8 weeks of age. The size of the epididymis was also reduced in the Cgt^/ male mice. The seminal vesicle, and also the kidney, were smaller but only in proportion to the smaller body of the affected mice (70% of control littermates).

Expression of Cgt mRNA in Testicular Germ Cells-- RT-PCR analysis of Cgt transcripts in normal adult mice showed that this message was expressed in testis in addition to brain and kidney (Fig. 1a). Transcripts of the Cgt gene were expressed in the testis from normal mice of all ages and in testicular germ cells of adult mice but were extremely reduced in the testes of Kit^W/W-v, Mgf^Sl/Sl-d and jsd/jsd mutants (Fig. 1b), in which only undifferentiated spermatogonia and somatic cells were found in the seminiferous tubules (20, 21). The result with the Kit^W/W-v mice is consistent with the deficiency of seminolipid in this mutant mouse (5). Seminolipid levels in other mutants are not known. These results indicated that Cgt mRNA is expressed only in germ cells at the stage later than spermatogonia but not in the somatic cells of the testis. Thus, loss of CGT enzyme activity could cause functional defects specifically in the testicular germ cells.

View larger version (67K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Expression of Cgt mRNA in mouse tissues. a, representative RT-PCR analyses of Cgt mRNA in various tissues of 8-week-old mice. Lanes 1-13, RT-PCR products with RNA from cerebrum, cerebellum, thymus, heart, lung, liver, stomach, spleen, kidney, intestine, muscle, testis, and ovary, respectively. b, representative RT-PCR analyses of Cgt mRNA in juvenile and adult testes, testicular germ cells, and germ cell-deficient mutant testes. Lanes 1-6, RT-PCR products with RNA from testes of day 0, 6, 8, 9, 13, and 14 postnatal mice, respectively. Lanes 7-11, RT-PCR products with RNA from adult testes, isolated testicular germ cells, KitW/W-v testes, MgfSl/Sl-d testes and jsd/jsd testes, respectively. Hprt mRNA was used as the control. RT-PCR products were not detected in runs without reverse transcriptase (data not shown). The left lane in each figure contains DNA size markers of 1057, 770, 612, 459, 392, 341, 297, and 210 bp.

Disruption of Spermatogenesis in CGT-deficient Mice-- Histological examination showed that Cgt^/ males had a complete disruption of spermatogenesis (Fig. 2, a and b). Testicular germ cells after meiosis were absent in the seminiferous tubules of Cgt^/ mice, whereas spermatogonia and early spermatocytes appeared normal. The Leydig cells and Sertoli cells also appeared normal in Cgt^/ mice. The abnormal seminiferous tubules in adult Cgt^/ mice could be divided roughly to three stages of development. The tubules of the first stage had a simple structure consisting of a layer of spermatogonia (Fig. 2c). The second stage consisted of multilayers of spermatocytes at the pachytene stage, together with spermatogonia (Fig. 2d). No spermatocytes beyond this stage could be found in these tubules. The third stage of tubules exhibited cellular degeneration and formation of syncytial multinucleated cells, which were probably produced from spermatocytes at the late pachytene stage (Fig. 2e). The TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay indicated that the degenerating cells were undergoing apoptotic cell death (Fig. 2f).

View larger version (103K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Histology of the testes in CGT-deficient mice. a, a section from normal adult testis showing the gross morphology of seminiferous tubules. b, a section from Cgt/ adult testis showing the absence of spermatids and spermatozoa. ce, typical appearances of seminiferous tubules in adult testes of Cgt/ mice. f, a section of Cgt/ adult testis labeled by the TUNEL method showing apoptotic cells stained as brownish color. g and h, sections of testes from wild-type (g) and Cgt/ (h) mice at 15 days after birth. ij, sections of testes from wild-type (i) and Cgt/ (j) mice at 19 days after birth. Scale bars represent 50 µm.

To verify the cellular identities and developmental stages disrupted in germ cells in the Cgt^/ testis, testes of Cgt^/ juvenile mice were histologically compared with those of normal littermates at each stage. The first wave of spermatogenesis in juvenile mice results in the appearance of spermatocytes by 10 days after birth (22). At 14 days, spermatocytes at the pachytene stage emerge. Until 15 days, morphological features of the testis of the Cgt^/ mice were indistinguishable from those of wild-type and the Cgt^+/ mice (Fig. 2, g and h). By 17-18 days, anomalous features similar to those in the third stage of tubules in the adult Cgt^/ mice described above were readily detectable in the testis of the Cgt^/ mice (Fig. 2, i and j). These results indicated that morphological defects developed during the late pachytene stage, but not in the zygotene and early pachytene stages, of the spermatocyte development.

Arrest of Genetic Program of Spermatogenesis in CGT-deficient Mice-- We further tried to verify the stage of the developmental arrest of spermatogenic cells in Cgt^/ mice using RT-PCR analyses for transcripts of genes, expression of which is known to be developmentally programmed during spermatogenesis (Fig. 3). Expression of Dmc1 gene occurs in early stages of spermatogenesis in wild-type mice (23) and that of Sycp3 in early meiosis (24). The transcripts from these genes were present in testis of Cgt^/ mice. Expression of Hsp70-2, Clgn (encoding calmegin), HoxA4, H1f3 (encoding histone H1t), Sprm-1, and Crem genes was reduced in Cgt^/ mice. These genes are reported to be expressed in primary spermatocytes at the late pachytene stage (25-30). Expression of Ccna1 (encoding cyclin A1) gene is reported to occur at the end of prophase of meiosis I (31). Expression of this gene was drastically reduced in Cgt^/ mice. Expression of the Hsc70t gene begins in spermatids in wild-type mice (15). Transcripts from this gene were undetectable in Cgt^/ mice. These results collectively indicated that spermatogenic cells of Cgt^/ mice arrested their differentiation program before reaching the first meiotic division. They are consistent with the morphological observation that differentiation of the spermatogenic cells of Cgt^/ mice is affected at the late pachytene spermatocyte stage.

View larger version (72K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Gene expression in testes of normal and CGT-deficient mice. RT-PCR analyses of transcripts from genes expressed during spermatogenesis were compared in total RNA extracted from testes of wild-type (left), Cgt+/ (center), and Cgt/ (right) 8-week-old mice. RNA from Cgt/ testes does not produce a 664-bp PCR product of the Cgt transcripts as expected from gene disruption. Hprt mRNA was used as the control. RT-PCR products were never detected without reverse transcriptase (data not shown). The DNA size markers of 1057, 770, 612, 459, 392, 341, 297, 210, and 162 bp are applied on the left or right side lane.

Lack of Seminolipid and Its Precursor in Testes of CGT-deficient Mice-- By LSIMS, the putative bands on the TLC plates were identified as seminolipid (32) and GalEAG with the major molecular species of 16:0 alcohol and fatty acid (data not shown). At 10 days after birth, normal testis contained definite levels of GalEAG (55 nmol/g wet tissue) and seminolipid (77 nmol/g) (Fig. 4a). By 12 days just before spermatocytes normally begin to appear at the zygotene stage (22), the levels of seminolipid and GalEAG dramatically increased to 483 and 214 nmol/g, respectively. The level of seminolipid then increased gradually up to 699 nmol/g at 17 days after birth, while that of GalEAG remained constant (208 nmol/g at 17 days) (Fig. 4, bd). The appearance and increase of seminolipid at 10 and 12 days, respectively, coincide with the beginning of incorporation of [³⁵S]sulfate into seminolipid of mouse testis at 11 days (2). At 7-12 weeks, the seminolipid level was reduced in Cgt^+/ mice (557 nmol/g) compared with that in wild-type mice (816 nmol/g). Both in wild-type mice and heterozygotes, the adult testis had reduced level of GalEAG (~70 nmol/g) as compared with the juvenile testis of 12-17 days of age (~200 nmol/g, see above) in agreement with the levels reported in other mammalian species (3). In contrast, seminolipid and GalEAG were not detectable in the testis of the CGT-deficient mice at any stage of development (Fig. 4, e and f).

View larger version (85K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Genotype- and age-related difference in lipids of the testis. The total lipid extracts corresponding to 2.5 mg of juvenile (a-d) or 4 mg of adult (e and f) testis were separated by TLC. Technical details are described under "Experimental Procedures." Identification of components: 1, GalEAG; 2, GlcCer; 3, seminolipid. Asterisks indicate unidentified constituents, which appeared brownish with the orcinol reagent. GalCer and galactosylsulfatide were undetectable in all genotypes. Seminolipid from boar testis (lower band) and GalEAG (upper band) prepared by desulfation of seminolipid (1) were applied as references in upper and left sides in each plate.

Among monohexosylceramide (HexCer), only glucosylceramide (GlcCer), but not GalCer, was detected in all genotypes (Fig. 4). In the testes of wild-type mice and heterozygotes, the major molecular species of GlcCer contained 16:0 fatty acid and d18:1 sphingosine, while appearance of a 2-hydroxy 16:0-containing molecular species, GlcCer (16h:0/d18:1), was noted in the testes of Cgt^/ mice. The level of cholesterol 3-sulfate (wild-type, 16 nmol/g; Cgt^+/, 19 nmol/g; Cgt^/, 20 nmol/g) and TLC profiles of gangliosides and major phospholipids and the molecular species of sphingomyelin (primarily 16:0/d18:1) were essentially similar across genotypes. Thus, seminolipid and GalEAG, which should normally be synthesized in primary spermatocytes from either the end of the leptotene stage or the beginning of the zygotene stage and later (4), are the only defective glycolipids in the testis of CGT-deficient mice.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Seminolipid, as its name implies, is present at an unusually high concentration in normal testis and its appearance is developmentally regulated (for reviews, see Refs. 2 and 3). This led to a long standing speculation that seminolipid plays an important role in the normal spermatogenesis process in the testis. However, evidence was only circumstantial and no direct experimental proof for the hypothesis has been available.

Our observations have clearly established that 1) mice genetically deficient in CGT are unable to synthesize the precursor, GalEAG, and consequently its sulfated derivative, seminolipid itself; 2) the spermatogenic cells are the only cells in normal testis that express Cgt transcripts and thus are able to synthesize seminolipid; 3) seminolipid and its precursor become readily detectable in normal testis at 12-day-old mice in which spermatocytes develop into the zygotene stage, prior to the pachytene stage; 4) the size of the testis of CGT-deficient mice is one-fourth of normal at 8 weeks; 5) the cycle of spermatogenesis is terminated in Cgt^/ male mice at the late pachytene stage, when the spermatogenic cells that appear to develop and differentiate normally up to this stage degenerate and disappear; and 6) apoptotic cell death may well be the mechanism underlying their degeneration. Collectively, these data indicate strongly that CGT is required for transition of primary spermatocytes through the late meiotic stages and that this process is mediated by seminolipid, thus providing the first experimental evidence for the long standing conjecture that seminolipid is essential for normal spermatogenesis.

While our results establish that seminolipid in normal spermatogenesis is essential, the precise molecular mechanisms of two processes remain to be fully understood: the mechanism of the male germ cell degeneration in the absence of seminolipid and the mechanism of the seminolipid function in normal spermatogenesis. Our morphological observation suggests that apoptotic cell death is the underlying mechanism in the degeneration of primary spermatocytes at the late pachytene stage of Cgt^/ mice. Generally, germ cells lacking a gene that is essential for normal spermatogenesis degenerate by apoptosis after the arresting step (for a review, see Ref. 33). The Cgt gene can now be recognized as one of the essential genes for normal spermatogenesis, and apoptosis in these cells could be a consequence of CGT deficiency.

What triggers the apoptotic process in the germ cells of Cgt^/ male mice can only be speculated. There is evidence that cellular concentration of certain lipids may be a factor to initiate apoptosis. CGT-deficient mice do not synthesize GalCer and galactosylsulfatide in the brain, but the presence of 2-hydroxy fatty acid-containing GlcCer may partially compensate for the absence of GalCer and galactosylsulfatide (11). In the kidney of CGT-deficient mice, GalCer and galactosylsulfatide are also absent but here again a partial compensation by more polar sulfoglycolipids occurs.³ In the testis of the CGT-deficient mice, however, no lipids increase to compensate for the loss of seminolipid and GalEAG (11). The lack of seminolipid and GalEAG without compensatory increases in other lipids may be the primary factor responsible for apoptosis of the germ cells in Cgt^/ male mice.

The function of seminolipid in the normal spermatogenesis is even less clear. Several lines of evidence suggest that the temporal and spatial coordination of germ cell differentiation may be mediated by surface interactions between germ cells and Sertoli cells (for a review, see Ref. 34). Immunological techniques have demonstrated that seminolipid is present on the surface of primary spermatocytes and round spermatids but not on the spermatogonia in rat (35). Our present study supports the general idea that cell surface glycolipids are functionally important in germ cell differentiation and/or interactions with other cell types.

It must be pointed out that our study leaves one minor ambiguity. Since the CGT-deficient mouse generates neither seminolipid nor its precursor, GalEAG, precise dissection of the functions of the precursor and its sulfated end product, seminolipid, is difficult. The gene of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:galactosylceramide 3'-sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.11) that sulfates GalEAG to seminolipid, as well as GalCer to galactosylsulfatide, has recently been cloned (36, 37). The anticipated sulfotransferase knockout mouse should be able to provide the definitive answer as to whether both GalEAG and seminolipid or only either GalEAG or seminolipid are essential for normal spermatogenesis.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. B. Popko for providing the Cgt mutant mouse and the pCR550 plasmid clone, Dr. Y. Nishimune for supply of RNA from jsd/jsd mutant testes and Dr. N. Tsunekawa for help in staging of mouse seminiferous tubules. We also thank Dr. Y. Nagai for constant encouragement during the course of this study.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported in part by Grant RO1-NS24289 and Mental Retardation Research Center Core Grant P30-HD03110, from the United States Public Health Service, and Research Grant 83A from the Mizutani Foundation (to K. S.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. Tel.: 81-42-724-6248; Fax: 81-42-724-6314; E-mail: fuji@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, May 4, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.C000200200

² K. Tadano-Aritomi, T. Hikita, H. Toyoda, A. Suzuki, T. Toida, T. Imanari, and I. Ishizuka, manuscript in preparation.

³ Tadano-Aritomi, K., Hikita, T., Fujimoto, H., Suzuki, K., and Ishizuka, I. (2000) J. Lipid Res. 41, in press.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: GalEAG, galactosyl-1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol; CGT, UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase; GalAAG, galactosyldiacylglycerol; GalCer, galactosylceramide; GlcCer, glucosylceramide; LSIMS, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction; TLC, thin-layer chromatography; bp, base pair(s).

	REFERENCES

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