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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 30, 22627-22630, July 28, 2000

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ACCELERATED PUBLICATION
Reprimo, a New Candidate Mediator of the p53-mediated Cell Cycle Arrest at the G₂ Phase^*

Rieko Ohki^§, Jiro Nemoto, Hideki Murasawa, Eri Oda, Johji Inazawa^¶, Nobuyuki Tanaka, and Tadatsugu Taniguchi

From the  Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and the ^¶ Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Division of Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan

Received for publication, April 6, 2000, and in revised form, May 8, 2000

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

A novel gene, Reprimo, in which induction in cells exposed to X-irradiation is dependent on p53 expression, has been isolated. Ectopic p53 expression results in the induction of its mRNA. Reprimo is a highly glycosylated protein and, when ectopically expressed, it is localized in the cytoplasm and induces G₂ arrest of the cell cycle. In the arrested cells, both Cdc2 activity and nuclear translocation of cyclin B1 are inhibited, suggesting the involvement of Reprimo in the Cdc2·cyclin B1 regulation pathway. Thus, Reprimo may be a new member involved in the regulation of p53-dependent G₂ arrest of the cell cycle.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Tumor suppressor genes function by affecting a variety of cellular mechanisms underlying growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, and many of these genes encode transcription factors that exert tumor suppressive effects by inducing their specific target genes (1, 2). Among them, p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers (3, 4). Upon exposure to DNA damage-inducing agents or other noxious stresses, the p53 protein is induced and/or activated, resulting in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, so as to allow the cells to recover from damage or to eliminate the damaged cells (5-7). This p53 function is mediated mainly, if not entirely, through activation of its target genes, the products of which then function as the effector molecules (8, 9).

In this context, the regulation of the G₂/M checkpoint of the cell cycle by p53 has been extensively studied. The target genes of p53 involved in this process include 14-3-3 (10, 11), B99 (12), and Gadd45 (13, 14). Although ectopic expression of either 14-3-3 or B99 can induce G₂/M arrest in p53-deficient cells (10, 12), Gadd45 induces G₂/M arrest only in cells expressing the wild-type p53 protein, indicating that Gadd45 cooperates with p53 or other p53-inducible gene(s) to arrest the cell cycle (15). In addition, p53 may suppress the G₂/M transition by negatively regulating the expression of cyclin B1 (16). Thus, given the complex nature of the cell cycle machinery, it is likely that additional p53 target genes may exist for execution of the full p53 responses.

We have been investigating the interaction of p53 with another transcription factor, IRF-1,¹ which was originally discovered as a regulator of the interferon response. In fact, IRF-1 regulates DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest in collaboration with p53 through transcriptional activation of the p21^WAF1/CIP1 gene (17). More recently, it has been shown that the loss of IRF-1 alleles dramatically exacerbates previous tumor predispositions caused by nullizygosity for p53 in the mouse (18). To identify the target genes of p53 and/or IRF-1 involved in cell cycle regulation and suppression of oncogenesis, we performed differential display screening of genes that are differentially expressed between x-ray-irradiated mouse embryonal fibroblasts (MEFs) obtained from wild-type and p53/IRF-1 double-deficient mice (18). We report here the cloning and functional characterization of a novel p53 target gene, Reprimo (for stop/repress). Our results collectively suggest that Reprimo may be a new member of the p53-induced proteins involved in the G₂ arrest of the cell cycle.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Cell Culture-- All of the cell lines used in this study were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The generation of p53/IRF-1-double-deficient mice used in this report are described elsewhere (18). MEFs were isolated and maintained as described previously (17).

RNA Blot Analysis-- MEFs were plated at a density of 5 × 10⁶ cells/15-cm plate on the day before harvesting the cells. Six hours prior to RNA extraction, the cells were irradiated with x-rays at a dose of 20 grays. RNAs were isolated as described previously (17). For RNA blot analysis, 5 µg of total RNAs was loaded per lane. The probes used to detect Reprimo was prepared by excising the SalI-XbaI fragment of pEF/HA-Reprimo (described below). The probe for Mdm2 was prepared by excising the 215-base pair XbaI-BsmI fragment from mdmX2, a Mdm2 expression vector (19).

Differential Display Cloning-- Total RNAs extracted from the MEFs of wild-type or p53/IRF-1-double-deficient mice exposed or not exposed to x-ray irradiation were used as the templates for differential display. Differential display was performed as described previously (20). The full-length sequence of Reprimo was determined by sequencing the 5'- and 3'-RACE and RT-PCR products. Human Reprimo was cloned by RT-PCR, based on the result obtained by a sequence similarity search. The cDNA sequences were then confirmed by sequencing the genomic clones. RACE was performed using the Marathon cDNA amplification kit (CLONTECH), and RT-PCR was carried out using SUPERSCRIPT II (Life Technologies, Inc.) according to the manufacturers' protocols.

Genomic Library Screening and FISH-- Genomic library screening was conducted as described previously (21). Each phage clone from the mouse and human library containing the Reprimo gene was digested with XhoI and subcloned in pBluescript. FISH was performed as described previously (22). The probe used for FISH was the 7.7-kb fragment of human Reprimo subcloned in pBluescript containing the entire coding region of the human Reprimo gene.

Adenovirus-mediated Gene Transfer-- The Reprimo coding sequence was amplified by PCR using primers containing the SalI and XbaI sites at the 5' and 3' ends of the coding sequence. PCR products were first cloned into pBluescript, and the inserts were excised with SalI and XbaI. The fragment was then ligated between the SalI and XbaI sites of pEF/HA (pEF/HA-Reprimo) to place on the HA tag at the 5' end of the Reprimo protein. pEF/HA vector has been reported previously (23). To construct the HA-tagged Reprimo adenovirus expression vector, the SacII-SalI fragment of the pEF/HA-Reprimo expression vector were excised, both ends were blunted using the Takara blunting kit, and the fragment was inserted into the Swa I site of the adenovirus expression vector. The recombinant adenovirus was constructed as described previously (24) using the Takara adenovirus expression vector kit. The recombinant adenovirus expressing p53 was described previously (25). Infection was done at the multiplicity infection of 100.

Cell Cycle Analysis-- Trypsinized cells were harvested and washed once with phosphate-buffered saline. The cells were then fixed with 70% ethanol, washed with phosphate-buffered saline, and stained with PI after RNase treatment. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using a FACSCalibur (Beckton Dickinson).

Cell Synchronization-- Cell synchronization was carried out basically as described previously (26). HeLa cells were synchronized by double thymidine block, and adenovirus infection was performed between the first and second thymidine block. After overnight incubation with 2 mM thymidine, the cells were washed with fresh medium without thymidine and released for 6 h. Then, the cells were infected with the appropriate adenoviruses for 3 h. Subsequently, the cells were subjected to the second block with 2 mM thymidine for 14 h. Etoposide-induced cell cycle arrest was carried out as described previously (26). HeLa cells were released from the double thymidine block for 6 h and then treated with etoposide (20 µg/ml) for 6 h. Colcemid-induced cell cycle arrest was carried out as described above except using colcemid instead of etoposide.

Western Blotting, Glycopeptidase F Treatment, and Immunofluorescent Staining-- Cells were lysed and subjected to Western blotting as described previously (27). Antibodies used in this study were anti-HA antibody (Roche Diagnostics, clone 12CA5), anti-cyclin B1 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-245), anti-Cdc2 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-54) and anti phospho-Cdc2 (Tyr-15) antibody (New England Biolabs). Anti-Reprimo antibody was obtained by immunizing rabbits with synthetic oligopeptides corresponding to amino acids 90-109 of Reprimo protein. Labeling of cells with [³⁵S]methionine was done as described previously (28). Treatment of cell lysates with glycopeptidase F (Takara) was done according to the manufacturer's protocol. Immunofluorescent staining was performed as described previously (29). For immunofluorescent staining, cells were stained using anti-cyclin B1 antibody (1/500 dilution) and anti-HA antibody (1/100 dilution) as the primary antibody followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Cappel, 1/200 dilution). The nucleus was stained with DAPI (Nacalai Tesque, 0.5 µg/ml).

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Identification of the cDNA Encoding a Novel Protein, Reprimo-- To identify genes that are induced by p53 and/or IRF-1 following x-ray irradiation, we employed a differential display screening approach (20, 30). By screening 240 sets of primers, we identified five and two genes, for which induction was dependent on p53 and IRF-1, respectively. Two of the p53-inducible genes were Cyclin G and PAG608, which have already been reported to be p53 target genes (31, 32). The other three p53-dependent genes have not been described thus far, and cDNA expression studies have revealed that only one of them, termed Reprimo, is involved in cell cycle regulation.

As shown in Fig. 1A, Reprimo mRNA (~1.5 kb) is induced following x-ray irradiation in wild-type MEFs (approximately 5-fold induction). However, in MEFs from p53-deficient mice, its basal mRNA expression level is markedly decreased, and its expression is not induced following x-ray irradiation (Fig. 1A). In the wild-type MEFs, the kinetics of Reprimo mRNA induction is similar to that of p53-regulated Mdm2 mRNA induction (33), both culminating 3 h after the irradiation (Fig. 1B). As in MEFs, the Reprimo mRNA was found to be expressed at low levels in a variety of tissues by RNA blotting analysis using mouse multiple-tissue poly(A) RNAs (data not shown).

View larger version (47K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Reprimo is induced following x-ray irradiation in a p53-dependent manner. A, expression of Reprimo mRNA in x-ray-irradiated wild-type or p53-deficient mice MEFs. Total RNAs were prepared from MEFs of wild-type (WT) or p53-deficient (p53/) mice exposed (+) or not exposed () to x-ray irradiation and subjected to RNA blot analysis. The same filter was probed with Mdm2 cDNA. Methylene blue staining of 28 S ribosomal RNA (28S) is shown in the lower panel as the control to show that the same amount of RNAs were loaded per lane. B, Reprimo and mdm2 expression after x-ray irradiation. Total RNAs obtained from the wild-type MEFs harvested at the indicated times (in hours) after x-ray irradiation were subjected to Northern blotting. 28 S rRNA is shown as the control. C, predicted amino acid sequences of mouse and human Reprimo. Identical amino acids are shown by open boxes. D, ectopically overexpressed p53-induced expression of human Reprimo mRNA in Saos2 cells. Saos2 cells were infected with adenovirus expressing p53, and the cells were harvested at the indicated times following infection. Total RNAs were extracted and subjected to Northern blotting. The same filter was probed with Mdm2 or -actin cDNA. E, chromosomal assignment of human Reprimo. A typical pattern obtained by FISH is shown. Human Reprimo signals (indicated by arrows) are seen on both chromosomes in duplicate.

Sequencing analysis revealed that mouse Reprimo cDNA contains a 327-base pair open reading frame encoding a protein of 109 amino acids (Fig. 1C). The sequence around the putative ATG initiator is in good agreement with the consensus sequence for translation initiation (34), and it is preceded by two in-frame stop codons (data not shown). The predicted Reprimo protein sequence exhibits no significant homology to any known proteins using BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) sequence similarity search. Moreover, we could not find any other open reading frame encoding a known protein in this cDNA using the same method. We also cloned the human orthologue of Reprimo cDNA, which also encodes a protein of 109 amino acids, showing 98% identity with its mouse counterpart (Fig. 1C).

Reprimo Gene Induction by p53 and Its Chromosomal Localization-In view of the results presented in Fig. 1, A and B, that the DNA damage-induced Reprimo mRNA expression is observed in wild-type but not p53-deficient MEFs, we isolated the mouse Reprimo gene, which is present as a single copy.² A 6-kb mouse genomic DNA fragment, which included the Reprimo coding sequence as well as a 3.7-kb upstream sequence, was obtained by genomic library screening. Analysis of this gene segment has revealed that the gene does not contain introns. Although we examined the promoter region spanning up to 1 kb from the putative transcription initiation site, no definitive evidence has been obtained thus far regarding the p53 response elements in this region. Therefore, further work is required to clarify whether this promoter is activated directly or indirectly by p53. As an alternative approach to examining the inducibility of Reprimo mRNA by p53, we ectopically expressed p53 in human Saos2 cells, which otherwise lack functional p53 expression. As shown in Fig. 1D, overexpression of p53 resulted in the induction of endogenous Reprimo gene. Furthermore, such induction was also observed following x-ray irradiation of several cultured cell lines carrying wild-type p53 (data not shown). These results lend further support to the notion that Reprimo expression is regulated by p53.

In view of the finding that Reprimo is regulated by p53, it was interesting to examine the chromosomal localization of this gene. As shown in Fig. 1E, human Reprimo is mapped to 2q23 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). It is interesting that the human Reprimo gene is mapped to a locus frequently lost in lung cancer cells and neuroblastomas (35, 36). Thus, the possibility of inactivation of this gene in cancers may be an interesting subject of future investigation.

Modification of the Reprimo Protein-- Reprimo protein expression was detected by immunoprecipitation of [³⁵S]methionine-labeled proteins using rabbit polyclonal anti-Reprimo antibody (Fig. 2A). The size of this protein deduced from its primary amino acid sequence is approximately 12-kDa; however, four bands (approximately 16, 21, 23, and 40 kDa) could be detected, all of which were induced following X-irradiation in wild-type MEFs but not in p53-deficient MEFs (Fig. 2A). Consistent with this finding, ectopically expressed Reprimo tagged with influenza virus hemagglutinin peptide (HA) also showed a similar expression profile (Fig. 2B). Because there are two potential N-glycosylation sites (amino acids 7-10 and 18-21) in this protein, we treated the whole cell lysate obtained from Reprimo-overexpressing cells with glycopeptidase F, which specifically cleaves N-linked glycosylation (37) (Fig. 2B). This treatment resulted in a decrease in the molecular weight, indicating that Reprimo is indeed N-glycosylated. Because three bands with different molecular weights were still detected after glycopeptidase F treatment, we infer that Reprimo undergoes additional modification(s).

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Reprimo protein is induced by x-ray irradiation and is glycosylated. A, detection of endogenous Reprimo protein. Wild-type MEFs labeled with [35S]methionine were irradiated with x-rays and harvested at the indicated times. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Reprimo antibody and resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins in which expression is induced following X-irradiation in wild-type (WT) MEFs but not in p53-deficient (p53/) MEFs are indicated by arrows. B, Reprimo is glycosylated. Cell lysates were obtained from HeLa cells infected with recombinant adenovirus encoding HA-tagged Reprimo (HA-Reprimo), and were either treated or not treated with glycopeptidase F for 24 h. The Reprimo protein was detected with anti-HA antibody.

Functional Analysis of Reprimo-- X-ray-irradiated MEFs cease to multiply and become arrested at the G₁ or G₂/M phase of the cell cycle, and this cell cycle arrest was shown to be dependent on the expression of p53 (5-7). Because Reprimo is induced following x-ray irradiation in a p53-dependent manner, we speculated that it might play an important role in cell cycle regulation. To test this possibility, we expressed Reprimo cDNA in various cells by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. When recombinant adenovirus expressing Reprimo cDNA was infected into human colorectal cancer cell line DLD1, expression of the Reprimo protein could be detected as early as 12 h after infection, and the expression level increased for at least 18-20 h after infection (Fig. 3A). First, we checked the proliferation of the infected cells and found that cells overexpressing Reprimo did not proliferate after 24 h after the infection, whereas the number of control cells overexpressing LacZ continued to proliferate (data not shown). When cell cycle analysis was performed, cells overexpressing Reprimo showed almost complete cell cycle arrest at the DNA content of 4 N by 36 h after adenoviral infection, whereas cells overexpressing LacZ showed normal cell cycle progression indistinguishable from that of the noninfected cells (Fig. 3B). Because the cells expressing Reprimo did not show the apoptotic phenotype until 4 days after adenoviral infection, determined by trypan blue exclusion assay or TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) assay (data not shown), Reprimo expression is considered to have a selective effect on cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we observed that various cell lines, including human DLD1 (mutated p53), human HeLa (wild-type p53), human Lovo (wild-type p53), human MCF7 (wild-type p53), human Saos2 (p53 null) (38, 39), and mouse NIH3T3 cells, were similarly arrested at the DNA content of 4 N with the expression of Reprimo (data not shown). These data suggest that the p53 status of cells does not affect the function of Reprimo, consistent with the notion that Reprimo is a downstream mediator of p53 action.

View larger version (59K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Overexpression of Reprimo leads to G2 arrest. A, Reprimo expression in cells infected with recombinant adenovirus possessing Reprimo. Whole cell lysates (50 µg) obtained at the indicated times (in hours) after the infection were loaded. Reprimo protein expression was detected with anti-HA antibody. B, cell cycle analysis of the cells overexpressing Reprimo. The top panel shows the cell cycle progression pattern for noninfected cells. The horizontal axis shows the DNA content. Two peaks are seen for noninfected cells, which correspond to DNA content of 2 (200) and 4 N (400). The bottom left and right panels show the results obtained for cells overexpressing LacZ and Reprimo, respectively, at the indicated times following infection with recombinant adenoviruses. C, subcellular localization of cyclin B1 and nuclear morphology of LacZ- or Reprimo-overexpressing cells. Cells were stained with cyclin B1 antibody or DAPI at the indicated times after release from the double thymidine block. The same microscopic field is shown for each staining. Cells arrested with etoposide or colcemid are shown in the bottom panels as the control for G2 and M phase-arrested cells, respectively. D, protein levels and phosphorylation levels of Cdc2 in cells overexpressing Reprimo. Whole cell lysates (50 µg) were prepared at the indicated times from LacZ- or Reprimo-overexpressing cells after release from double thymidine block and were subjected to Western blotting with anti-phospho-Cdc2 (P-cdc2) or anti-Cdc2 (cdc2) antibody. E, Reprimo is a cytoplasmic protein. HeLa cells were infected with Reprimo-expressing adenovirus and subjected to immunofluorescent staining. Ectopically expressed Reprimo was detected with anti-HA antibody.

Reprimo Affects the Activation of Cyclin B1·Cdc2 Complex-- As shown by the above experiments, ectopic expression of Reprimo leads to G₂/M arrest. To determine whether the cells are arrested at the G₂ or the M phase, we examined the subcellular localization of cyclin B1, in which translocation into the nucleus is one of the hallmarks of cells entering the M phase. We used cell cycle-synchronized HeLa cells infected with either control or Reprimo-expressing adenovirus to monitor the cell cycle progression. Although the majority of the cells were retained at the S and G₂ phases, no difference was found between the cells expressing Reprimo or LacZ (Fig. 3C). At the S phase, Reprimo- and LacZ-expressing cells both showed very low levels of cyclin B1 expression and typical interphase nuclei, whereas after they entered the G₂ phase, cytoplasmic accumulation of cyclin B1 was observed. As shown in Fig. 3C, cells expressing LacZ continued to progress to the M phase, as deduced by the nuclear translocation of cyclin B1 and the chromosomal condensation. Interestingly, however, neither nuclear translocation of cyclin B1 nor chromosomal condensation was observed in the cells expressing Reprimo, indicating that cells are arrested at the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

In addition to intracellular staining, immunoblot analysis was also performed to examine the tyrosine dephosphorylation of Cdc2, another indicator of the entry of cells into the M phase. As shown in Fig. 3D, the Cdc2 protein levels remained essentially the same in the cells expressing Reprimo and in those expressing LacZ. However, the dephosphorylation of Cdc2 was not observed in the cells expressing Reprimo, suggesting the possibility that Reprimo expression results in suppression of the Cdc2 activity. Consistently, in vitro histone H1 kinase assay of Cdc2 activity revealed that this activity was significantly suppressed in Reprimo-expressing cells (data not shown).

Because there was no difference in the induction kinetics of cyclin B1 in Reprimo- and LacZ-expressing cells, Reprimo is presumably not involved in p53-induced down-regulation of cyclin B1 (16). It has been reported that Gadd45 induces M-phase arrest and that 14-3-3 induces G₂ arrest by inhibiting nuclear translocation of the Cdc2·cyclin B1 complex (10, 11). The above results suggest that Reprimo induces cell cycle arrest by inhibiting Cdc2 activity and nuclear translocation of the Cdc2·cyclin B1 complex. Reprimo is found predominantly in the cytoplasm (Fig. 3E), and there was no direct association of Reprimo with Cdc2 or cyclin B1 (data not shown). Hence, Reprimo may regulate the activity of the Cdc2·cyclin B1 complex by interfering with an as yet unknown G₂/M checkpoint mechanism operating in the cytoplasm. This is an important subject for future studies. Generation of Reprimo-deficient mice and screening of cancer cells for Reprimo mutation are in progress and will provide answers to the role of this novel protein in cell cycle arrest and oncogenesis.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. H. Nozawa for providing the mice used in this study and Drs. T. Tokino and T. Yamashita for recombinant p53 adenovirus.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported in part by the Research for the Future Program (Grant 96L00307) and by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^§ A Japan Society for the Promotion of Science research associate.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-3-5800-3220; Fax: 81-3-5841-3450; E-mail: tada@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

² R. Ohki, unpublished data.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: IRF-1, interferon regulatory factor-1; MEF, mouse embryonal fibroblast; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-PCR; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; HA, influenza virus hemagglutinin; PI, propidium iodide; DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; kb, kilobase.

	REFERENCES

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